Public Health 1 Chapter 6

Statistics

• science used to interpret numbers to describe health information

• Qualitative data always informs quanitative

• Secondary screening

• makes possible translation of data into info about cause and effect, health risks ect.

Probability

used to describe the variety and frequency of past outcomes to help predict what should happen in the future

P-value

probability under the assumption of getting a result equal to or greater than what was observed. measures how likely it is that any observed difference between groups is due to change.

interpret p<= .05 and p=.5

p <=.05 result statistically significant and when p= .05 still 5% chance its wrong

confidence interval

rang of values likely to contain true value of unknown population parameter

Law of small probabilities

probable is not always what happens

Power

probability of find an effect (if there is one). Large numbers confer power and low power likely means that there are false-negative results

Frequency Distribution

ordered display of each value in data set together with its frequency

Sensitivity vs. specificity

One yields few false negatives or finding no effect there is one

One yields few false positives, or finding an effect that is not real

Rates

rates relate raw number to size of population (eg. adjusted rates, crude rates ect. )

Risk Asessment

Identifies events and exposures that may be harmful to humans

estimates probability of occurrences and extent of harm they cause

Risk Perception

result of apparent irrationality of the public in response to risks that experts estimate to be small

classified on 2 scales— dread and knowability

QOL

Quality Of Life recede asa we start to age especially after an event (stroke, cancer ect.)

Cost benefit analysis

weighs estimated cost of a policy vs benefit usually in monetary terms

Data transmitted:

from local gov to states

states to NCHS

Census

denominator for most public health data about age, sex, race, ect.

Comorbidity

presence of preexisting conditions in a person

IRB and human studies

have to do through Institutional Review Board (IRB) and people must give informed consent to participate in a study