Cultural Anthropology: Test 2

The 5 subsistence strategies

Foraging, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Agriculture, Industrialism/Post-Industrialism

Foraging

Also known as hunting and gathering; relies completely on wild plant and animal food resources. Most sustainable.

Horticultarlism

Relies on small-scale, non-industrial cultivation of crops using temporary gardens and hand tools. Land extensive. Division of labor. Sustainable with exceptions.

Pastoralism

Relies on herding animals with 60% of their diet from animals and animal byproducts. Land extensive. Sustainable.

Agriculturalism

Relies on the cultivation of domesticated plants and animals using technologies that allow for intensive and continuous use of land resources. Labor intensive. Not sustainable.

Industralism

Relies on intensive, mechanized food production and distribution networks. Not sustainable but can become sustainable through greener means. Dominated by market economics. Oriented around making.

Post-Industralism

Relies on information, services, and technology rather than manufacturing of goods. Somewhat sustainable. Oriented around serving.

Anthropocene

A geological time interval used to describe the current era when human activity is the driver for a dying earth.

Infrastructure of the Universal Pattern

The foundational systems, environments, and structural mechanics required for groups to sustain themselves.

Foraging mode of reproduction

Low fertility, low mortality = stable population.

Horticulture mode of reproduction

High fertility, high mortality.

Pastoralism mode of reproduction

High fertility, high mortality.

Agricultural mode of reproduction

High fertility, declining mortality = rapid population growth. Pronatalist.

Industrial mode of reproduction

Replacement level fertility. Low fertility, low mortality. Children are more expensive and have more care. Science has increased longevity, fertility, and preventing fertility.

Post-industrial mode of reproduction

Below replacement level fertility. Low fertility, low mortality.

Replacement level fertility

The average number of children each woman must have to keep a population's size stable from one generation to the next.

The 3 levels of fertility decision making

Family, state, and gloabl level

Family level fertility decision making

Labor, old age support, infant & child mortality rates, and economic costs of having children

State level fertility decision making

Government demands for people

Global level fertility decision making

IMF (international monetary foundation), pharmaceuticals, and ideologies

Pronatalism

Pro making/having babies

Cultural lag

A period when non-material culture takes longer to adapt to rapid advancements in material culture.

Fertility control

Any method, device, or medication used to prevent pregnancy and manage human reproduction.

Infanticide

The intentional killing of an infant through both direct and indirect methods.

3 ways death is labled

Proximate, intermediate, and Ultimate

Proximate death

The original way an individual died.

Intermediate death

What lead to an individual’s death.

Ultimate death

The overall problem that caused the leading factors to an individual’s death.

Femicide

The intentional killing of women or girls because of their gender.

3 types of Migration

Internal, international, and transnational.

Internal migration

Migration within borders.

International migration

Migration across borders.

Transnational migration

Migration across international borders regularly.

3 types of migrants

Labor migrants, displaced persons, and institutional migrants.

Labor migrants

People who move from one region or country to another to find work.

Displaced persons

Someone (refugees) forced to flee their home or country due natural disasters, violence, conflict, and reclamation of land.

Institutional migrants

People who relocate across regions or borders for correctional facilities, elder core facilities, and military.

Push factors

Factors that influence out-migration. Why do people leave where they are?

Pull factors

Factors that influence in-migration. Why do people end up where they are?

Feminization of migration

Most migrants are women and children due to care deficits and unsafe environments.

Migration of human rights

The United Nations states that the right of return, or repretrication, is an inalienable human right.

Economics in anthropology

The study of livelihoods; how humans work to maintain the material necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter that sustain our lives.

Economic systems

The provision of good and services to meet biological needs and social wants.

Production systems

How to make the world around us useful for consumption.

Allocation of resources

The cultural rules to assign rights to the ownership and use of resources.

3 Exchange systems

Reciprocity, market exchange, and redistribution

Reciprocity

The transfer of good and services between two people or groups based on their role obligations. Most balanced. Isn’t about the things that are exchanged, but the relationships.

Market exhange

A mode of economic distribution in which the transfer of goods and services is based on price, supply, and demand.

Characteristics of the market exchange

Periodic (prediciable), permanent, impersonal, specialization, physical marketplace.

Redistribution

The transfer of goods and services between a group of people and a central collecting service based on role obligation.

2 modes of consumption

Minimalist and Consumerist

Consumption

Process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service.

Minimalist

Limited demands with sustainable means of achieving them. Foragers. Personalized. Focus on sharing/equality.

Consumerist

Infinite demands with inadequate means of achieving them. Post-industrialized.

Gender stratifcation

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, status, and resources between different genders within a society.

Use rights

Owning something without a permanent title.

Private property

Owning something with a permanent title. Can be inherited.