Exam 2

What causes Tuberculosis (Scientific Name)?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What is Mycobacterium tuberculosis oxygen requirement?

Aerobic (Uses Oxygen)

What is Mycobacterium tuberculosis shape?

Rod

What is Mycobacterium tuberculosis stain?

Acid Fast - Retains The Primary Stain In The Acid-fast Stain Process

What is Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall made up of?

Mycolic Acid - Waxy Lipid

How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmitted?

Respiratory Droplet & Close Contact

Who transmits Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Human - Roomate, Classmate, & Co-worker

What organ system does Mycobacterium tuberculosis affect?

Respiratory System - Lungs, And May Spread Through Out The Body (Consumption)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis possible outcomes?

No Illness - Macrophages In A Healthy Person Destroy The Bacteria Using Phagocytosis

Latent/Inactive Tuberculosis - Bacteria Are Contained, But Not Destroyed. Treated With Isoniazid & Rifampin (No Symptoms)

Active Tuberculosis - Contagious, Signs & Symptoms May Develop

What are Tuberculosis symptoms?

Cough
Fever
Chest Pain
Bloody Sputum (Probably Main Indicator)
Night Sweats
Fatigue
Weight Lost

What are detectors for prior exposure to Tuberculosis?

Mantoux Tuberculosis Skin Test (TST)

Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) - A Type Of Blood Test, But Will Be Positive In People Who Were Vaccinated In Other Countries, Therefore Some People Avoid This Test. (T Cell - Mediated Reaction In 48-72 Hours)

What are detectors for active Tuberculosis?

Chest X-ray (Detect Latent Or Active Tuberulosis)
Acid Fast Stain
Microscopy Of Sputum
Culture Of Bacteria From Sputum (Takes Time & May Still Miss In Some Cases)
PCR Method (New) - Xpert MTB/RIF Makes Copies Of DNA

Important - These Methods Won’t Detect Prior Exposure
Why - Because It Needs The Physical Presence Of The Active Bacteria

What are the treatments for active Tuberculosis?

First Line Drugs - Isoniazid & Rifampin For 6 Months (Some Shorter Treatment Times Have Been Tested)
Second Line Drugs - When First Line Drugs Are Not Working

What are the vaccines for Tuberculosis?

There Is No Vaccine Used In U.S.A.

BGC Vaccine - Used In Other Countries To Prevent Meningitis In Children
BGC Vaccine - Does Not Prevent Pulmonary Form Of Tuberculosis Effectively
BGC Vaccine - Contains A Weak Form Of A Different Mycobacterium bacteria (M. bovis)

What are the antibiotic resistant Tuberculosis?

MDR-TB (Resistant To Isoniazid & Rifampin)

XDR-TB (Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis)

What is the non-protein part of enzyme?

Maybe an ion

Ex) Iron, Zinc, Magnesium Ion

Glycolysis

C₆H₁₂O₆

Used 2 ATP → 4 ATP

2NAD⁺ + 2H⁺ → 2NADH

2 Pyruvate (3 Carbons)

• 2 Pyruvate Used In - Fermentation / Respiration

Fermentation

Occurs after glycolysis

Uses an organic final electron acceptor (Pyruvate)

Needed to regenerate NAD⁺ for glycolysis to continue

Occurs in cytoplasm of cells

No oxygen gas needed

Lactobacillus Bacteria Fermentation

Use Pyruvate (3 Carbon)
Use NADH (donates electron to pyruvate)
NADH turns NAD⁺ to use in glycolysis
Produce lactic acid
Occurs in yogurt production
No oxygen gas needed

Product
Lactic Acid

Saccharomyces cerevisae (Baker’s Yeast)

Use pyruvate (3 Carbon)
Use NADH (donates electron to pyruvate)
NADH turns NAD⁺ to use in glycolysis
Produce ethanol and carbon dioxide
No oxygen gas needed

Product
Ethanol
CO₂

Catabolism

Release energy by oxidation of molecule (Breakdown)

Anabolism

Uses energy to synthesize macromolecule that make up cell (Buildup)

Cells needs Carbon

Autotroph - Inorganic Source (Algae)
Heterotroph - Organic Source (E.Coli)

Cells needs Energy

Phototroph - energy from light
Chemotroph - energy from chemicals
Chemolithotroph - energy from inorganic chemicals (litho)
Chemoorganotroph - energy from organic chemicals (organo)

What is an enzyme?

Protein that speeds up reaction

What is a catalyst?

• A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the energy needed to start it.

• While all enzymes are catalysts, not all catalysts are enzymes

What is active site?

• Where reaction takes place.

• Attached to enzyme and substrate goes in the active site.

What is substrate?

• A target molecule acted upon by an enzyme.

• Enzyme breaks it or builds it up (Anabolism/Catabolism)

What is product?

The new substance after a chemical reaction from reactants.

What is competitive ihibitor?

• Binds to active site and compete with substrate.

• Prevents reaction or minimize reaction.

What is allosteric (non-competitive) inhibitor?

• Changes shape of active site so substrate does not bind with enzyme.

• Prevents reaction or minimize reaction.

What is a co-enzyme?

Non-protein organic molecule that plays a role in enzyme catalyzed reactions.

Ex)

• NADH / NAD⁺ - electron carrier

• FADH₂ / FAD - electron carrier

• Coenzyme A (CoA)

Cellular Respiration

• Requires pyruvate from glycolysis.

• Oxidative Phosphorylation - oxidation of compounds coupled to ATP generation, requires an electron transport system (ETS) embedded in a membrane.

• An ETS consist of several molecules in a row that are oxidized and reduced in sequence, harnessing energy from the electron then flow from one molecule to the next

• uses inorganic final electron acceptor.

Two Types of Cellular Respiration

• Aerobic

  • Glycolysis

  • Krebs Cycle

  • Electron Transport System (ETS)

  • Uses Oxygen

• Anaerobic

  • Glycolysis

  • Krebs Cycle

  • Electron Transport System (ETS)

  • Does Not Use Oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration

• Glycolysis → Pyruvate (x2)

  • Pyruvate (3 carbons) + CoA → CO₂ (1 carbon) + Acetyl-CoA (2 carbon)
    
    

• Krebs Cycle (Acetyl-CoA)

  • Acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + Oxaloacetate (4 carbons) → Citrate (6 carbons)

• Product (x2 since two pyruvate)

  • 2CO₂ (x2)

  • 3NADH (x2)

  • FADH₂ (x2)

  • GTP [ATP equivalent] (x2)

Aerobic Respiration

• C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6H₂O + 6CO₂

• Maximum of 38 ATP produced by prokaryotes