Comprehensive Review: Food Technology, Psychology, Science, History, and PDH

Vocabulary practice cards defining key terms, anatomical structures, nutritional components, and historical concepts covered across the study notes.

Hygiene

The behaviours and practices that keep oneself and their environment clean and safe for health and safety, preventing contamination from pathogens.

Food hygiene

The specific practices that keep food safe for consumption and prevent contamination from bacteria and foodborne diseases.

Critical danger zone

The temperature range between $5^\text{o}\text{C}$ and $65^\text{o}\text{C}$ that creates an ideal environment for bacterial reproduction; food kept in this zone for $2+$ hours should not be consumed.

Cross contamination

The process by which pathogens and food disease-causing agents transfer from one food to another.

Campylobacter

The most common bacterial cause of stomach illness in Australia, carried by $80\text{--}90\%$ of raw chicken, causing diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, fever, and headache.

Digestion

The mechanical and chemical process by which food is broken down into a substance suitable for absorption into the blood and lymphatic system, with waste filtered out.

Metabolism

The rate at which digestion and bodily processes occur.

Peristalsis

The alternating contraction and relaxation (or expansion) of muscles along the digestive tract that pushes food, faeces, and nutrients forward.

Chyme

The semi-fluid mixture produced in the stomach when lining muscles churn partially digested food with gastric acid and digestive enzymes.

Villi

Small, furry, finger-like structures lining the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption into the bloodstream.

Absorption

The process of taking nutrients and water from food out of the digestive tract and directly into the bloodstream.

Macronutrients

Nutrients that the body requires in large quantities to provide energy, specifically proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Micronutrients

Nutrients required by the body in smaller amounts that do not provide energy, including water, minerals, and vitamins.

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules that form the building blocks of all other carbohydrates, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Disaccharides

Carbohydrate molecules composed of two monosaccharide units joined together, including maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made of multiple monosaccharide units joined in long chains that release energy gradually, such as starch and fibre.

Complete protein

A protein source that contains sufficient amounts of all $9$ essential amino acids required by the human body.

Limiting amino acid

The essential amino acid present in the lowest relative amount in an incomplete protein, which restricts the body's total protein synthesis capacity.

Triglycerides

Lipid structures composed of three fatty acids attached to one glycerol molecule, functioning to store excess fat in the body.

LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)

A cholesterol carrier that can deposit inside artery walls, narrowing them and increasing blood pressure and the risk of clots.

HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)

A beneficial cholesterol carrier that removes LDL from the arterial walls and carries it back to the liver to be broken down.

Scurvy

A deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), characterised by reduced red blood cells, gum disease, hair loss, and easy skin bruising or bleeding.

Pellagra

A deficiency disease resulting from a lack of vitamin B3 (niacin), presenting with diarrhea, confusion, exhaustion, and a symmetrical rash on sun-exposed skin.

Amygdala

The brain structure responsible for processing emotional memories, perceiving threats and fear, and signalling the adrenal glands to release adrenaline for fight, flight, or freeze responses.

Hippocampus

A structure in the brain that aids in the formation and retrieval of memories by storing and organising information before routing it to the cortex.

Cerebellum

The brain region responsible for motor skills, posture, balance, coordination, and physical movement.

Neocortex

An evolved cerebral structure in mammals and humans responsible for higher-order functions such as thinking, memory, reasoning, language, and problem solving.

Circadian rhythm

The body's natural internal schedule that responds to light levels via the hypothalamus and pineal gland (melatonin release) to regulate sleep and wake cycles.

Sleep spindles

Sudden bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity that occur during Non-REM Stage 2 sleep to aid in processing and locking in daily information.

Activation synthesis theory

A theory of dreaming proposing that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural signals and emotional memories ascending from the brainstem during sleep.

Threat simulation theory

A theory suggesting dreams artificially simulate threatening scenarios to rehearse threat perception and avoidance responses within a safe environment.

DAT scan

A dopamine transporter imaging procedure using an injected tracer and a SPECT scanner to examine the distribution and integrity of dopamine-producing cells to diagnose Parkinson's disease.

Deep brain stimulation

An invasive brain treatment that delivers systematic electrical impulses to specific neural targets via an implanted circuit to alleviate debilitating neurological symptoms.

Terra nullius

A Latin legal term meaning 'no man's land' or 'land owned by no one', applied by British colonisers to justify the dispossession and claim over Australia.

Dispossession

The act of taking away an individual's or community's land and home and physically removing them from it.

Federation

The political union of self-governing colonies or states under one central federal government while retaining specified individual state powers.

Sir Henry Parkes

The political figure known as the 'Father of Federation' who advocated for Australian self-government, initiated the 1890 conference, and presided over the 1891 federal convention.

Constitution

A fundamental set of laws, rules, and principles establishing how a country is governed and regulating the legislative powers of its authorities.

Safer sex

The consistent use of barrier protection methods alongside explicit boundary communication and consensual agreements prior to sexual intercourse.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Infections transmitted between individuals primarily through skin-to-skin contact or the exchange of bodily fluids during sexual activity.