APHUG Unit 2

Activity Space

An area in which an individual moves about as he or she pursues regular, day-to-day activities. This an area reachable on a typical day, and influenced by factors including age group, ability to travel, and opportunities to travel

Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals, creating a stable food sources allowing people to no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering and in turn have higher survival rates

AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; a disease that began in central Africa during the late 20th century and spread to many countries around the world due in part to globalization

Arable Land

Land that is suited for agriculture

Arithmetic Growth

Linear increase at a constant rate

Arithmetic (crude) population density

The total number of people divided by the total amount of land area

Awareness Space

Locations or places about which an individual has knowledge even without visiting all of them, includes activity spaces and additional areas newly encountered or about which one acquires information

Carrying Capacity

The number of people an area can support on a sustained basis. Not a consistent figure, it depends largely on the area’s level of technology

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis

Critical Distance

The distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence willingness to travel

Crude Birth Rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude death rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Demographic Equation

Equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population during a certain period of time

Demographic momentum

The tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

Demographic Transition Theory

The process of a change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population

Demography

The study of population characteristics

Density

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area

Dislocation

When people are forced from their homes due to ethnic strife, war, or natural disasters

Distance Decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

Dot Maps

A representation of population with each dot representing a certain number of people

Doubling Rate

The length of time needed to double the population

Emigration

Migration from a location

Endemic

A disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location

Epidemiologic Transition (Mortality Revolution)

The distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Explains how countries’ population changes

Ethnicity

A category that is less based on physical characteristics, and emphasizes a shared cultural heritage, such as language, religion, and customs

Exponential Growth

Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people is added to the population each year

Female Infanticide

The intentional killing of baby girls due to the preference for male babies and from low value associated with the birth of females

Forced Migration

Migration that involves the involuntary movement from ones home when people have no choice but to migrate

Geometric Rate

How population grows, occurs when the individuals reproduce at a constant rate

Gravity Model

A model that states spatial interaction - including migration - is directly related to the seize of the populations and inversely related to the distance between them

Immigration

Migration to a location

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

Infant Mortality Rate

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society

In-Migration

When more people immigrate to a country than emigrate from it

Internal Migration

Migration within the borders of a country

Inter-Regional Migration

Migration from one region to another

Intervening Obstacles

Physical features that halt or slow migration from one place to another

Intervening Opportunities

Prospects that arise for those who are migrating before they reach their final destination, that allow them to settle earlier

Intra-Regional MIgration

Migration within a region

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. At birth it is the average number of years a newborn is expected to live

Linear Growth

Expansion that increases by the same amount during each time interval

Mathus, Thomas

An economist who became the first critic to note that the world’s population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it

Migration

Involves a permanent move to a new location, either within a single country or from one country to another

Migration Selectivity

The tendency for certain types of people in a population to move, it is influenced by age, education, and family ties

Natural Increase

The percentage growth of a population in a year computed as the crude birth rates minus the crude death rate

Neo-Malthusians

Group that holds the belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources; pessimist who warn of the global geopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth

Net-migration Rate

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration a region or country

One Child Policy

Policy put in place in China that limits urban couples to one child

Out-Migration

When more people emigrate from a country than immigrate to it

Overpopulation

When the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent living standard

Pandemic

Widespread epidemic

Physioligical Population Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

Population Concentrations

How many people are given in an area

Population Explosion

The trend toward rapid population increase in place since 1750

Population Geography

A field of study that focuses on the number, composition, and the distribution of human beings on Earth’s surface

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

Pull Factors

Factor attracts migrants to a new region

Push Factors

A factor encourages people to move out of the region that they live in

Race

A category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of society consider important

Ravenstein, Ernst

British demographer who in 1885, wrote 11 migration laws. He based these laws on his study of internal migration in England

Refugees

People forced to migrate from their homes that cannot return for fear of persecution because of their religion, race, nationality, or political opinions

Restrictive Population Policies

Government rules that range from toleration of officially banned means of birth control to the actual prohibition of large families

Space-time Prism

The volume of space and length of time within which our activities must be confined

Spatial Interaction

The movement of peoples, ideas, and the commodities within and between areas, whether it is circulation or migration

Stationary Population Level

The point at which a national population ceases to grow

Step Migration

Long-distance migration done in multiple stages

Sustainability

The ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

Voluntary Migration

When people migrate on their accord, usually because of major pull factors

Zero Population Growth

A decline of the total fertility rates the point where natural increase rate equals zero

Intervening Opportunities

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

Migration Selectivity

The maximum limit on the number of people who could immigrate to a country during a one-year period