stages of respiration

What stages happen in glycolysis

Glucose —— hexose bisphosphatee (phosphorylation

Hexose bisphosphate——- 2x triose phosphate (lysis)

2x trisoe phosphate ——- 2x triose bisphosphate (phosphorylation)

2x triose bisphosphate——— 2x pyruvate (dehydrogenation/ oxidation - has H moved by NAD to reduced NAD) + (substrate level phosphorylation to form ATP formed)

Where does the kerb cycle occur

Occurs in matrix

What processes happen in the krebb cycle and how many NADs become reduced

Substrate level phosphorylation from ATP formning from ADP and Pi

2 NADS that become reduced between 4c and 5c - further dehuydogenasing occur to 5 c from oxaloecatate

What process occurs in oxidative phosphorylation

Chemiosmotic theory

Process of making ATP by using a membrane and ATP synthase

What is photophosphorylation

ADP turns into ATP - using light energy from the sun to add a phosphate group

Why does the theoretical value rarely occur? What do the ATP is used for

In total - should get 32 ATP molecules but the theoretical yield rarely occurs

Some H+ leak acros mitochondrial membrane (reduces the electrochemical gradient - proton motive force.

Some ATP produced is used for active transport of private into the mitochondrion

Some ATP is used to reduce NAD, formed in glycolysis into the mitochondrion

What are coenzymes needed for?

Coenzymes needed to help dehydrogenase enzymes catalyse oxidation reactions

What does the NAD do?

Accepts 2 hydrogen atoms - becomes reduced

Used in glycolysis, Link reaction, Krebbs cycle

Aerobic respiration, anaerobic ethanol and lactate pathway

Coenzyme A function

Carries acetate groups made from pyruvate in link reaction to Krebs cycle

Carries acetate groups made (from fatty acids acids and some amino acids to Krebs cycle

FAD function

Accepts 2 hydrogen atoms - reduced FAD

Used in krebb cycle

Only used in aerobic respiration