Human Anatomy Exam 3

Joints/Articulations

Where two or more bones meet

Synarthrosis

No movement

- Sutures

- Gomphosis

- Synchondrosis

- Synostosis

Amphiarthrosis

Little movement

- Syndesmosis

- Symphysis

Diarthrosis

Free movement

- Fluid filled cavity

- Synovial fluid

- Articular capsule

Synchondrosis

Immovable joint

Cartilaginous bridge between 2 articulating bones

Gomphosis

Immovable joint

Fibrous joint between teeth & jawbones

Synostosis

Immovable joint

Bony fusion joint between 2 bones

Syndesmosis

Slightly movable joint

Ligaments that connect two bones

Symphysis

Slightly movable joint

Bones separated by a wedge/pad of cartilage

Components of synovial joints

- Fibrous joint capsule

- Synovial membrane

- Articular cartilages

- Joint cavity containing synovial fluid

Fibrous joint capsule location

Outermost lining

Synovial membrane location

Innermost lining

Articular cartilages location

Cover ends of bones

Joint cavity location

Hollow area

Accessory structures of synovial joints

- Bursae

- Fat pads

- Menisci

- Ligaments

Bursae function

- Fluid filled pockets

- Cushioning, reduce friction

Fat pads function

- Packing material

- Absorb shock

Menisci function

- Fibrous cartilage

- Reduce friction

Ligaments function

- Support

- Strength

- Reinforce

Circumduction

Circular movement

Rotation

Pivot around central axis

Abduction

Away from midline

Adduction

Towards midline

Flexion

Decrease angle between bones

Extension

Increase angle between bones

Elevation

Move body part superiorly

Depression

Move body part inferiorly

Protraction

Move body part anteriorly

Retraction

Move body part posteriorly

Pronation

Rotate forearm so palm faces posterior/down

Supination

Rotate forearm so palm faces anterior/up

Opposition

Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

Inversion

Turn sole of foot medial/in

Eversion

Turn sole of foot lateral/out

Dorsiflexion

Lift foot so toes approach shin

Plantar flexion

Depress foot to elevate heel

Plane joint

- Nonaxial movement

- Gliding

Hinge joint

- Uniaxial movement

- Flexion & extension

Pivot joint

- Uniaxial movement

- Rotation

Condylar joint

- Biaxial movement

- Flexion & extension

- Adduction & abduction

- Oval articular surfaces

Saddle joint

- Biaxial movement

- Flexion & extension

- Adduction & abduction

- Concave & convex articular surfaces

Ball-and-socket joint

- Multiaxial movement

- Flexion & extension

- Adduction & abduction

- Rotation

Dislocation/Luxation

Complete separation of bones that form a joint

Temporomandibular joint made of

- Mandible condylar process

- Temporal bone mandiublar fossa

Temporomandibular joint type

- Hinge joint

- Side to side movements

Temporomandibular joint ligaments

- Stylomandibular ligament

- Lateral ligament

Knee joint made of

- Medial menisci

- Lateral menisci

- Fat pads

Knee joint ligaments

- Fibular collateral ligament

- Tibial collateral ligament

- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

- Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

ACL

- Connect tibia to lateral edge of intercondylar fossa of femur

- Prevent anterior sliding of tibia

PCL

- Connect tibia to medial edge of intercondylar fossa of femur

- Prevent forward sliding of femur or backward displacement of tibia

Knee joint articular capsule

Extends from distal femur to proximal tibia & includes patella (NO fibula)

Shoulder joint type

- Ball and socket

- Free movable

Shoulder joint articulation

Head of humerus with glenoid cavity

Shoulder joint ligaments

- Coracoclavicular

- Acromioclavicular

- Coracohumeral

Shoulder joint bursae

- Pockets with articulation, filled with synovial fluid

- Protect & prevent friction between joints

Rotator cuff

Shoulder joint muscles

Intervertebral discs

Pads of fibrous cartilage between vertebrae

Intervertebral discs made of

- Anulus fibrosus (outer)

- Nucleus pulposus (inner)

- Vertebral endplate (inferior & superior)

Herniated disc

When soft internal center of intervertebral disc pushes through outer layer and presses on nerves

Arthritis

- Inflammation of joints

- Damage to articular cartilages

Bursitis

Inflammation of bursa sacs

Structural organization of skeletal muscle

- Endomysium = wrap individual fibers

- Perimysium = wrap individual fascicles

- Epimysium = wrap all fascicles

Sarcolemma

Muscle cell membrane

Sarcoplasm

Muscle cytoplasm

T-tubules

Invaginations of sarcolemma

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Muscle modified endoplasmic reticulum

Myofibrils

Long cylindrical units responsible for contraction

Parallel muscle

- Parallel muscle

- Parallel muscle with bands

- Wrapping muscle

Convergent muscle

- Raphe (tendinous sheet)

- Shell like

Pennate muscle

- Unipennate (1 feather)

- Bipennate (2 feathers)

- Multipennate (many feathers)

Circular muscle

Donut shape

Muscle origin

- Where muscle begins

- Remains stationary

Muscle insertion

- Where muscle ends

- Moves

Agonist muscle

Muscle that accomplish certain action

Antagonist muscle

Muscle acting against agonist

Synergistic muscle

Group of muscles working together

Fixator muscle

Muscle that holds 1 bone in place relative to the body while a distal bone is moved by other muscle

Sarcomere

Unit of contraction

Neuromuscular junction structures

- Axon terminal

- Synaptic cleft

- Motor end plate

Motor neuron

Nerve cells that control muscle movement

Muscular atrophy

When muscle is not used for a long period of time, reduction in muscle size & power occur

Muscular hypertrophy

- Increase of contractile activity

- Increase in size of muscle

- Change in ATP production

- Bodybuilding

4 groups of axial muscles

1. Head & Neck

2. Vertebral column

3. Thorax & Abdominal wall

4. Pelvic floor

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Frontalis

O: Epicranial aponeurosis

I: Skin of eyebrows, bridge of nose

A: Raise eyebrows & wrinkle forehead

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Occipitalis

O: Superior nuchal line

I: Epicranial aponeurosis

A: Tense & retract scalp

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Temporoparietalis

O: Fascia around external ear

I: Epicrnail aponeurosis

A: Move auricle of ear

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Orbicularis oculi

O: Medial margin of orbit frontal & maxilla

I: Skin around eye lids

A: Closes eyes

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Corrugator supercilii

O: Arch of frontal bone

I: Eyebrow

A: Wrinkles eyebrows

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Procerus

O: Lateral nasal cartilages

I: Aponeurosis at bridge of nose & forehead

A: Wrinkle & move nose, horizontal wrinkles frowning

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Nasalis

O: Maxilla & alar cartilage of nose

I: Bridge of nose

A: Dilate nostrils

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Orbicularis oris

O: Maxilla & mandible

I: Lips

A: Compress & pulse lips

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Buccinator

O: Alveolar processes of maxilla & mandible

I: Fibers of orbicularis oris

A: Compress cheeks

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Risorious

O: Fascia associated to masseter muscle

I: Angle of mouth

A: Contracting with smiling

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Levator labii superioris

O: Zygomatic bone & infraorbital margin of maxilla

I: Skin upper lip

A: Opens lips

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Depresor labii inferioris

O: Body of mandible lateral to middle line

I: Skin of lower lip

A: Depress lower lip

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Zygomaticus

O: Zygomatic bone

I: Skin at corners of mouth

A: Smiling

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Platysma

O: Fascia covering superior parts of pectoralis major & deltoid

I: Mandible & skin of cheek

A: Open mouth, tense skin (neck)

Origin, Insertion, Action, Location: Mentalis

O: Incisive fossa of mandible

I: Skin of chin

A: Protrude lower lip

Dimple

Zygomaticus major

6 extra-ocular muscles & movements

1. Superior oblique = down & lateral

2. Inferior oblique = up & lateral

3. Superior rectus = up

4. Inferior rectus = down

5. Medial rectus = medial, toward nose

6. Lateral rectus = lateral, toward ear