Anatomy- Slideshow 1

Cephilization

Evolutionary development of the anterior portion of the central nervous system, increased number of neurons

Gray matter

Short, nonmyelinated neurons and cell bodies

White matter

Myelinated and some nonmyelinated axons

Ventricles

Fluid filled chambers continuous with one another and to central canal of the spinal cord, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, lined by ependymal cells

Lateral ventricles

Large paired, C shaped chambers located deep in each hemisphere

Interventricular foramen

Line connecting the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

Cerebral aquaduct

Line connecting the third and fourth ventricles, continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

Cerebral hemispheres

Superior part of the brain, 83% of mass

Gyri

Ridges in cerebral hemisphere surfaces

Sulci

Shallow grooves in cerebral hemisphere surfaces

Fissures

Deep grooves in cerebral hemisphere surfaces

Longitudinal fissure

Line separating the two hemispheres

Transverse cerebral fissure

Line separating the cerebrum and cerebellum

Central sulcus

Sulci that separates precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

Parieto occipital sulcus

Sulci that separates occipital and parietal lobes

Lateral sulcus

Sulci that outlines the temporal lobes

Cerebral cortex

Region of hemisphere, made of grey matter superficially

White matter

Region of hemisphere, internally

Basal nuclei

Region of hemisphere, deep within white matter

Cerebral cortex

Site of the conscious mind, awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, and understanding

Motor area

Functional area of cerebral cortex, controls voluntary movement

Sensory area

Functional area of cerebral cortex, conscious awareness of sensation

Association area

Functional area of cerebral cortex, integrating diverse information

Contralateral

Side of the body each hemisphere is concerned with

Lateralization

Specialization of cortical function that can occur only in one hemisphere

Conscious behavior

Actions involving the entire cortex in one way or another

Primary motor cortex

Motor area in precentral gyrus

Premotor cortex

Motor area anterior to the precentral gyrus

Broca’s area

Motor area anterior to inferior premotor area

Frontal eye field

Motor area within and anterior to the premotor cortex, superior to Broca’s area

Primary motor cortex

Conscious control of precise skilled muscle movements

Pyramidal cells

Cells carrying out skilled skeletal muscle movements

Somatotopy

All muscles of the body can be mapped to area on primary motor cortex

Motor homunculi

Upside down caricatures represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions

Premotor cortex

Helps plan movements, learned controls, patterned motor skills, coordinated simultaneous or sequential actions

Broca’s area

Present in one hemisphere, motor speech area that directs muscle of speech production, active in planning speech

Frontal eye field

Controls voluntary eye movements

Apraxia

The inability to carry out skilled actions that could previously be performed

Sensory areas

Areas of cortex concerned with conscious awareness of sensation, occur in parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes

Primary somatosensory cortex

Receives general sensory information from skin and proprioceptors of skeletal muscle, joints, tendons

Somatosensory homunculus

Upside down caricatures represent contralateral sensory input from body regions

Somatosensory association cortex

Posterior to primary somatosensory cortex, integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object

Primary visual cortex

Striate, cortex located on extreme posterior top of occipital lobe, receives visual information form retinas, damage results in functional blindness

Visual association area

Area surrounding primary visual cortex, uses past visual experiences to interpret stimuli, damage would mean the inability to comprehend vision

Primary auditory cortex

Superior margin of temporal lobes, interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location

Auditory association area

Located posterior to primary auditory cortex, stares memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimulus

Vestibular cortex

Posterior part of isle an adjacent parietal cortex, responsible for conscious awareness of balance

Olfactory cortex

Medial aspect of temporal lobes, involved in conscious awareness of odors

Gustatory cortex

In insulation just deep to temporal lobe, involved in perception of taste

Visceral sensory area

In insulation posterior to gustatory cortex, conscious perception of visceral sensations, such as upset stomach or full bladder

Multimodal association areas

Receive inputs form multiple sensory areas, send outputs to multiple areas, gives meaning to information received

Anterior association area

Most complicated cortical region, involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality, contains working memory for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning

Posterior association area

Large region in temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, plays role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space, involved in understanding written and spoken language

Limbic association area

Part of limbic system, provides emotional impact that makes a scene important to us and helps establish memories

Cerebral dominance

Refers to hemisphere that is dominant for language

Left hemisphere

Hemisphere responsible for language, math, and logic

Right hemisphere

Hemisphere responsible for visual spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills

Association fibers

Horizontal running fibers that connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Commissural fibers

Horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of two hemispheres

Projection fibers

Vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

Striatum

Caudate nuclear and putamen

Basal nuclei

includes caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallid us, influences muscle movements, cognition and emotion, regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movement