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Amplitude
The height from the midline to the peak (or trough) of a wave. Amplitude = |a| in the functions y = a sin(bx + c) + d or y = a cos(bx + c) + d.
Period
The length of one full cycle of the wave, calculated using Period = 2π/|b| for sine and cosine functions.
Phase Shift
A horizontal shift of the graph left or right, calculated by Phase Shift = -c/b.
Vertical Shift
Moves the entire graph up or down, determined by the value of d in the functions y = a sin(bx + c) + d or y = a cos(bx + c) + d.