First Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution marked a fundamental shift from agrarian, handicraft economies to __________ driven manufacturing centered in factories.

machine

The mechanized transformation of raw fiber into __________ formed the backbone of early industrial growth.

cloth

The invention of the spinning jenny enabled multiple spools of __________ to be spun simultaneously.

thread

The development of the power loom mechanized the __________ process, dramatically increasing production speed.

weaving

James Watt significantly refined earlier atmospheric engines by adding a __________, greatly enhancing thermal efficiency.

separate condenser

Coal provided the high-energy fuel essential for operating steam __________ and blast furnaces.

engines

Wealth accumulated through global commerce allowed early capitalists to finance expensive industrial __________ and machinery.

plants

The rise of capitalist theory prioritized the profit motive, private ownership, and capital __________.

reinvestment

The Bessemer process and open-hearth methods made steel cheaper, stronger, and more __________ than cast or wrought iron.

flexible

Submarine telegraph cables created an interconnected global __________ market.

commodity

The agricultural revolution freed up a substantial labor force from __________ farming.

subsistence

The rotary steam engine was adapted to run __________ machinery, locomotives, and steamships.

textile

Massive quantities of cotton were imported to supply industrial __________ mills.

textile

The __________ revolution in Britain increased crop yields, supporting rapid population growth.

agricultural

Political and institutional cohesion in Britain involved absence of internal trade barriers and legal protections for __________.

investment

Germany built world-leading chemical, electrical, and steel industries following political __________ in 1871.

unification

Petroleum emerged alongside coal as a strategic global __________ resource.

energy