DEP-2004 IRSC, EXAM 2

The result of myelination on neural processing speed

better hand-eye coordination, progress in their attentional, memory, concept formation, and language skills

Activities that develop gross motor skills in early childhood

run across a room and jump, scramble over low jungle gyms, perform hair-raising stunts on practically any climbing object

The number of recommended hours of sleep by pediatricians in early childhood

11-13 hours of uninterrupted sleep

What is short sleep duration in early childhood associated with?

narcolepsy, insomnia, and nightmares

Cause and symptoms of anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume; iron deficiency; fatigue, paleness, short of breath, chills

symbolic function

the first substage of the preoperational period, occurring between the ages of 2 - 4 years. During this substage, the young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

Animism

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Centration (Piaget)

the act of focusing on one aspect of something. It is a key factor in the preoperational stage.

Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)

the difference between what a child can do on his own and what can be accomplished with some assistance

Scaffolding (Vygotsky)

changing the level of support; over the course of a teaching session, a more-skilled person adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the child's current performance

Private Speech (Vygotsky)

Children's self-talk, which guides their thinking and action; eventually internalized as silent inner speech.

rehearsal

conscious repetition of information

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

autism is a brain dysfunction involving abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters; a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Emotion-coaching parents

monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions

Emotion-dismissing parents

view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

Freud: Id

raw, unorganized, inborn part of the personality that is present at birth (hunger, sex, aggression) -- pleasure principle

Freud: Ego

rational and reasonable -- reality principle

Freud: Superego

moral component of personality

empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

Piaget's stages of moral development

heteronomous morality and autonomous morality;

4 to 7 years of age, heteronomous morality - children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.

10 years of age and older, autonomous morality - become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.

Immanent justice (Piaget)

the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately

impact of parenting on moral development

relational quality, parental discipline, proactive strategies, and conversational dialogue

The gender most constrained by gender roles

female

Baumrind's Parenting Styles

authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, indulgent

cultural differences in family orientation

cultures vary on effective parenting styles, i.e. a parenting style may be effective in Asia, where we'd see different results in the US.

Steurer, Applefield & Smith's study on cartoon violence

children who had seen the TV cartoon shows with violence kicked, choked, and pushed their playmates more than did the preschool children who watched nonviolent TV cartoon shows

The impact of Sesame Street on child development

produced positive outcomes in three areas: cognitive skills, learning about the world, and social reasoning and attitudes toward outgroups

how advances in the prefrontal cortex effect cognitive skills

allows planning, judgment, and decision making; early childhood is a period in which young children increasingly engage in symbolic thought

most common disability that students have

learning disabilities; dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time: (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity, and (3) impulsivity. Treated with Ritalin or Adderall.

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete example

Seriation

the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight

critical thinking

thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

states intelligence comes in 3 forms, analytical intelligence, creative, practical

Levels of Mental Retardation

intellectual disability, organic intellectual disability,cultural-familial intellectual disability

Most common level of retardation

down syndrome

whole language approach

An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children's natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful.

phonics approach

The idea that reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

effects of children receiving praise for mediocre performance

inflated self-esteem, have difficulty handling competition and criticism

self-efficacy

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

6 identifiable developmental stages of moral reasoning which form the basis of ethical behavior, the pre-conventional (level 1) contains the first stage (obedience and punishment orientation and second stage (self-interest orientation)), the conventional (level 2) contains the third stage (interpersonal accord and conformity) and fourth stage (authority and social-order maintaining orientation) the post-convential (level 3) contains the 5th stage (social contract orientation) and 6th stage (universal ethical principles)

gender stereotyping

broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about females and male

emotion that males report more than females

anger

coregulation

transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation

characteristics of popular children

frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers

characteristics of neglected children

infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

best predictor of whether rejected children will engage in delinquent behavior or drop out of school later during adolescence

bullying

types of bullying most commonly experienced by boys and girls

boys: physical

girls: verbal

likely characteristics of teachers of students who live in poverty

social and emotional functioning not ignored

Self-image of most teens as found in the research

healthy

puberty

brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that take place during this period of development

age difference in growth spurt for girls and boys

occurs approximately two years earlier for girls than for boys

Daughters of teenage mothers are at increased risk of

teenage childbearing

Mary Carskadon's research on teenagers and sleep findings

adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night

most commonly used illegal drug in the U.S. that increased in popularity from 2008 - 2011 in the adolescent population

marijuana

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

imaginary audience

adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as attention-getting behavior—attempts to be noticed, visible, and "on stage."

personal fable

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

Erikson's stage in adolescence

identity vs identity confusion

Marcia's Identity Statuses

identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity achievement

narcissism

a self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others

National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health findings about the correlation between family dinners

those who did not eat dinner with a parent five or more days a week had dramatically higher rates of smoking, drinking, using marijuana, getting into fights, and initiating sexual activity

behavior associated with prolonged, intense parental conflict

movement out of the home, juvenile delinquency, school dropout, pregnancy and early marriage, membership in religious cults, and drug abuse

Cliques

small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 or 6 individuals; members are usually of the same sex and about the same age

Crowds

larger than cliques and less personal; usually members of a crowd based on reputation, and they may or may not spend much time together

reported by gay and lesbian youth as being the most difficult for them

coming out to their parents

percent of time adolescents spend on schoolwork as compared to their East Asian counterparts

60%

Focus of rites of passage

focus on the transition to adult status

main means of communication of adolescents with their friends

text

beginning in adolescence, females have ______ the rate of depression as males

twice

reason males are more likely to be successful in a suicide attempt than females

Males use more lethal means, such as guns

Where does the U.S place in childhood obesity rates

2nd Place

What is myelination

Nerve cells get covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells

What does myelination do?

It makes information travel faster and more efficiently through the nervous system

How big is the brain by age 6

About 95% of adult volume. Growth slows but comes in spurts, especially in the frontal lobes

Daily guidelines for young children to prevent obesity

5+ servings fruits/veggies, ≤2 hrs screen time, 1+ hr physical activity, 0 sugary drinks.

What is Iron Deficiency Anemia

body doesn't have enough iron to produce hemoglobin

How many preschoolers are malnourished?

11 million.

How much sleep do young children need?

10 to 13 hours each night, without interruption.

3 sleep problems

Narcolepsy, insomnia, nightmares

What is narcolepsy?

causes extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden "sleep attacks"

What are sleep problems linked to?

Attention problems, worse school readiness, being overweight, ADHD.

How does screen time relate to sleep, ages 2-5?

More daily screen time is associated with less sleep time

Other negative outcomes of screen time

Less play/peer time, less activity, more obesity, lower cognitive development, poor sleep habits

What reduces kids’ screen time?

Parents cutting their own screen time, plus closer parental monitoring

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time: (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity, and (3) impulsivity. Treated with Ritalin or Adderall.

Most common cause of death in young children?

Accidents, homicide, congenital malformations, cancer, deformations

Effect of poverty?

Higher rates of accidents, death, and asthma.

What is Preoperational stage?

occurring from ages 2 to 7, where children begin to think symbolically and engage in imaginative play

What is the Symbolic function substage

The ability to mentally represent an object that isn’t present. Ages ~2-4

What is Intuitive thought substage

Primitive reasoning

Egocentrism

Inability to distinguish your own perspective from someone else’s

Animism

Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and can act

Centration

Focusing on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

Conservation

Awareness that changing an object’s appearance doesn’t change its basic properties.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Tasks too difficult to do alone but learnable with guidance

Scaffolding

Changing the level of support. As competence increases, less guidance is given.

Private speech

Using language to plan, guide, and monitor one’s own behavior. It becomes inner speech and plays a positive role.