Human Bio Unit 3 Chp 7 Bones, Muscles and Joints

What is the central axis comprising?

Vertebral column or backbone

OBJQ

What are 3 types of muscles, and explain the voluntary (skeletal) muscle?

Voluntary (skeletal) muscle 

• Striated 

• Attached to bones of the skeleton

• Stimulated to contract by the nervous system under conscious control by the brain

Involuntary

 Smooth muscle 

Cardiac (heart) muscle 

• Striated

OBJR

How do muscles move?

By contracting and pulling the bone

Muscles always pull the bone, never push

OBJQ

What are 5 functions of bones

• Protection (cranium→brain, eye, ear)

(vertebrae→spinal cord)

(ribcage→heart and lungs)

• Support 

• Movement

• Reservoir (store calcium and phosphate)

• Produce blood cells (RBC, plasma)

OBJQ + FAQ

What are bones consist in axial system?

Vertebral column, cranium, ribcage, sternum

OBJQ

Define bone in terms of components, what it results in when force is applied, and what cells it is made of and their functions.

• Contains salts mainly calcium and phosphate 

• Results in a rigid material that can resist bending and compression forces. 

• Made of cells called osteocytes, protein fibre (prevents bonefrom  being easily broken and brittle), living cells and blood vessels (repair themselves when broken)

OBJQ

What does middle of bone consist off?

Spongy bone and fewer calcium salts. Spaces like sponge that are less hard and filled with bone marrow

OBJR

What are types of bone marrow

Red→blood cells

Yellow→store fats

OBJQ + FAQ

Label the bones in the human body?

OBJQ

Label the bone

FYI

Name the vertebrae and the number of each type of vertebra.

OBJR

What is compact bone?

Outside of bone, made of hard material

OBJR

Define ossification?

As the embryo grows, cartilage is gradually replaced by bone.

OBJR

What is cartilage?

Tough but flexible tissue containing chondrocytes that is present at the end of long bones and acts as a cushion between 2 bones at a joint.

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What are the cells that are in cartilage and their function?

Chondrocytes. They secrete a matrix containing various types of protein fibres

What is the Haversian system?

Osteocytes are arranged in a ring around the canals containing blood vessels and nerves

OBJR 

What is periosteum?

Tough membrane that covers the outer surface of bone.

What is the function of vitamin D and calcium? And the biological consequences of deficiency of vitamin D and calcium

Vitamin D→to absorb calcium and phosphate into the body

Calcium→for calcium salts in bone

Deficiency: Rickets

FYI: However, rickets is still under influence of hormones, diet, exercises and general health.

Explain the bone growth (grow longer) process in 2 points.

Bones don’t grow in length at their ends; instead, they get longer because regions of cartilage grow and become ossified.

OBJQ

Explain the cause of osteoporosis and how it can be helped

Bones lose calcium salts and become porous and less dense→can break easily.supplements,

Bones lose calcium salts and become porous and less dense→can break easily.

No cure for osteoporosis, but it can be helped by a good diet, vitamin D and calcium supplements and treatment with hormones (oestrogen) 

Label the structures

OBJQ

State what is meant by joint?

Point where two bones meet.

OBJQ

What are 3 features that moveable joints need in order and description and functions of each 3 features.

1. Ligaments 

Composed of fibres that make them very tight, and they have tensile strength (to resist stretching) and some elasticity. Function: allow movement but prevent the joint from dislocating. 

(bone to bone)

2. Synovial fluid 

In a synovial joint, the synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid. It is oily and acts as a lubricant to reduce friction between the ends of the bones. 

3. Cartilage 

Tough but flexible tissue containing chondrocytes that is present at the end of long bones and acts as a cushion between 2 bones at a joint. It acts as a shock absorber between the ends of the bone.

FAQ

Label the structure

OBJQ

What are 3 groups of joints and their degrees of movement

Ball-and-socket joint (freely movable joint) 

Moves 360 degrees (shoulder, hip) 

Hinge joint (partially movable joint) 

Moves 180 degrees (elbow, knee) 

Fixed joint (immovable) 

Moves 0 degrees (skull)

OBJQ

What is a tendon?

• Attaches muscle to bone 

• Has very high tensile strength like ligaments however, not as elastic as ligaments

FAQ + OBJR

How do muscles work?

Muscles work together antagonistically. While one muscle contracts, the other relaxes and vice versa.

What is a place where a muscle is attached to a stationary bone and a moving bone?

Stationary bone→origin 

Moving bone→insertion

How does insertion move?

It moves toward the origin

Label the structure