ch 4 physical and cognitive development

Behaviors improve when

Caregivers eat with children on a predictable schedule and model choosing nutritious foods

Preoperatiomal stage

2-7 years

Begin to represent world

Cannot perform operations

Symbolic function sub stage

2-4

Mentally represent objects not present

Pretend play

Drawings to represent world

Ecocentrism (limit)

Inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective

Animism

Belief thag inanimate objects have lifelike qualities

Intuitive thought substage

4-7 years

Begin to use primitive reasons

WHY?

Struggle with what if questions

Know a lot, domt know why

Scaffolding

Changinf thr level of support as one ages/grows

vygotskys social constructivist approach

Social context- learning through social interaction

Learned by more skilled individuals or adults

Zone of proximal development

Range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with the guidence and assistance of adults/more skilled kids

Moral Development

guilt and anxiety- freuds theory

piagets moral reasoning heteronomous

4-7 yr olds, think of justice and rules as unchangable properties beyond control of people

piagets moral reasoning autonomous

10+ yrs

become aware that rules are changeable, created by people

intentions> consequences

imminent justice

concept if a rule is broken, punishment will occur

Moral behavior- reinforcement

want behaviors to repeat

Moral behavior- punishment

discourage behaviors

Moral Reasoning- Immitation

model behaviors towards children

authoritarian

rejecting, demanding, strict

authoritative

accepting, places boundaries

indulgent

accepting, no control

neglectful

rejecting, unresponsive, no control

dysgraphia

impairment in handwriting, may write slowly, illegibly, no straight line, bad spelling

dyslexia

reading below expected level, difficulty seeing similar and different letters difficulty spelling

dyscalculia

impairment in math computation

referral bias

3x as many boys than girls, boys more likely to be referred to treatment by teacehrs

adhd show one or more of

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

to be diagnosed adhd

need 6+ criteria and show symptoms in at least 2 different places