ENGLISH 8 2ND TERM EXAM REVIEWER

Text Structure

The organization and arrangement of ideas and information within a written text; how the different parts of a text are organized and relate to one another.

Non-Journalistic Persuasive Texts

Texts such as speeches, opinion pieces, essays, or advertisements written to influence the reader's opinions, beliefs, or actions; may be both objective and subjective.

Introduction-Body-Conclusion Structure

Classic persuasive structure beginning with a thesis in the introduction, evidence and counterarguments in the body, and a summary restating the thesis in the conclusion.

Problem-Solution Structure

Persuasive structure where the author describes a problem or issue first, then proposes a solution or course of action.

Cause and Effect Structure

Persuasive structure discussing the causes of a phenomenon and its effects to highlight the consequences of not taking a specific action.

Compare and Contrast Structure

Persuasive structure analyzing similarities and differences between two or more subjects to show why one option is superior.

Emotion-Based Structure

Persuasive structure that appeals to the reader's emotions using storytelling or anecdotes to create a connection and evoke sympathy or empathy.

Problem-Agitate-Solution (PAS) Structure

Structure commonly used in advertising that identifies a problem or need, agitates it by emphasizing negative aspects, and presents a product or solution as the remedy.

Use of Persuasive Language

Characteristic of persuasive texts involving careful word choice and emotional appeals (vivid imagery, powerful metaphors, evocative language) to elicit empathy, excitement, or outrage.

Supporting Evidence and Logical Reasoning

Characteristic of persuasive texts that substantiates claims with factual information, statistics, expert opinions, or examples to build credibility.

Anticipate and Address Counterarguments

Characteristic of persuasive texts where the author acknowledges opposing viewpoints and refutes or debunks them to strengthen their own position.

Employ Rhetorical Devices

Characteristic of persuasive texts using rhetorical questions, repetition, and parallelism to add dramatic flair, captivate attention, and reinforce key points.

Organizational Efficiency

The effective and streamlined arrangement of ideas and information within a written piece for easy comprehension, logical flow, and optimal communication.

Diction

The careful selection of words and vocabulary that influences the precision and clarity of a conveyed message (concise, precise, avoiding unnecessary jargon).

Style

The overall tone and structure of an informational text (coherent, consistent, formal yet engaging tone appropriate for the intended audience).

Subject (Sentence Structure)

The main noun or pronoun that a sentence is about; answers "Who or what is the sentence about?"

Predicate (Sentence Structure)

The part of a sentence that tells what the subject is doing or what is happening; includes the verb and action details.

Object (Sentence Structure)

A noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb.

Modifiers (Sentence Structure)

Words or phrases providing additional details about other elements in a sentence; adjectives modify nouns and adverbs modify verbs.

Complements (Sentence Structure)

Words or phrases that complete the meaning of a sentence, including direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, and predicate adjectives.

Declarative Sentence

A sentence that makes statements or conveys information (e.g., "The sun is shining.").

Interrogative Sentence

A sentence that asks questions (e.g., "Is it raining?").

Imperative Sentence

A sentence that gives commands or instructions (e.g., "Please pass the salt.").

Exclamatory Sentence

A sentence that expresses strong emotions or exclamations (e.g., "What an awesome game!").

Conditional Sentence

A sentence that expresses a condition and its result (e.g., "If it rains, we'll stay indoors.").

Explanatory Sentence

A sentence that provides explanations or clarifications, often following a declarative statement (e.g., "The concert starts at 7:00. It's best to get there early.").

Propaganda

The deliberate spreading of ideas, information, or messages to influence people's opinions, attitudes, or actions in favor of or against a person, group, cause, institution, or product.

Name-Calling

Propaganda device that attacks a person, group, or idea using negative labels, stereotypes, sarcasm, or ridicule instead of presenting evidence.

Glittering Generalities

Propaganda device using vague, emotionally appealing words or phrases (such as freedom, security, prosperity, progress) to create positive feelings without specific details.

Transfer

Propaganda device that associates a respected symbol, person, or idea (such as a national flag) with a product, cause, or candidate to transfer positive feelings.

Testimonial

Propaganda device using the endorsement of a celebrity, expert, or well-known person to persuade people to support a product, idea, or cause.

Plain Folks

Propaganda device presenting a speaker or advertiser as an ordinary person who understands common people, building trust and relatability.

Card Stacking (Cherry-Picking)

Propaganda device that presents only favorable information while omitting important negative facts, misleading audiences with a one-sided argument.

Bandwagon

Propaganda device encouraging people to join an idea, trend, or movement because many others are already doing so, appealing to the desire to belong.

Explicit Claim

A claim that is stated directly in the text.

Implicit Claim

A claim that is hidden between the lines (implied rather than directly stated).

Claim of Fact

Statement asserting whether something is true or false based on verifiable evidence or objective reality (evaluated via evidence, source credibility, contradictory info, and logic).

Claim of Value

Statement expressing a subjective evaluation about the worth, importance, or quality of something based on personal or moral values.

Claim of Policy

Prescriptive statement proposing a course of action or advocating for a specific policy or solution, suggesting what should be done (evaluated via effectiveness, feasibility, ethics, cost-benefit).

Ethos (Ethical Appeal)

Persuasive appeal establishing the author's credibility, trustworthiness, authority, and moral character through qualifications, honesty, and reliable citations.

Logos (Logical Appeal)

Persuasive appeal targeting the audience's sense of reason and logic using relevant data, statistics, facts, examples, and valid logical structure.

Pathos (Emotional Appeal)

Persuasive appeal aiming to evoke emotions and feelings using emotionally charged words, vivid imagery, anecdotes, and appeals to audience values.

Quoting

Using the exact words from a source enclosed in quotation marks, accompanied by proper citation, when original phrasing or precision is essential.

Paraphrasing

Restating a source's ideas or information in your own words and sentence structure while retaining the full original meaning, accompanied by proper citation.

Summarizing

Condensing the main ideas and key points of a long source into a much shorter overview using your own words, accompanied by proper citation.