Nutrition Exam 3 Review

What are the five characteristics of vitamins?

Organic compound different from fat, protein, and carbohydrates.

Component of the diet.

Essential in minute amounts for normal physiological function.

Absence causes a deficiency syndrome.

Cannot be synthesized in quantities sufficient to support normal physiological function.

Which type of vitamin is excreted in the urine.

Water soluble vitamins

Which type of vitamins are rarely accumulated in toxic concentrations?

Water soluble vitamins

Which type of vitamins is their storage limited and must be provided regularly?

Water soluble vitamins

Which type of vitamins is their most common function as an essential component of coenzymes?

Water soluble vitamins

What is the name for vitamin B1?

Thiamine

What are the functions of vitamins B1?

Coenzyme reactions

Catabolism of sugars and amino acids

Thiamine pyrophosphate

The diseases associated with this vitamin, usually with symptoms such as stargazing, include Polioencephalomalacia (ruminants), beriberi (humans), polyneuritis (chicks).

B1 (thiamine)

In cats with this vitamin deficiency clinical signs include; encephalopathy, anorexia, ataxia, and convulsions. can be associated with feeding fish containing thiaminase or canned foods which were overheated.

B1 (Thiamine)

Which vitamin includes functions with coenzymes FNM, FAD, energy production, cell growth, and metabolic reactions?

B2 (riboflavin)

Which vitamin includes functions with NAD, and carrier electrons in redox reactions.

B3 (niacin)

Which vitamin includes functions as a part of Coenzymes A (CoA), catabolism of sugars and amino acids, thiamine pyrophosphate. This vitamin is widely distributed in plants and animal foods, therefore deficiency is unlikely.

B5 (pantothenic acid)

Classic diseases associated with this vitamin include; goose stepping in pigs, skin, Gi, and nervous system issues.

B5 (pantothenic acid)

Which vitamin includes functions with coenzymes involved in protein an N metabolism. The most common sign of deficiency are nervous system.

B6 (pyridoxine)

Which vitamin includes functions with enzyme CoA, amino acid metabolism, fat metabolism, and transcarboxylation? Needed in small amounts and generally aids in hoof health.

B7 (Biotin)

Which vitamin includes functions involved in vitamin B12 metabolism? A deficiency could lead to macrocytic hypochromic anemia, leukopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia.

B9 (Folic Acid)

Which vitamin was first known as “Animal Protein Factor”, is formed by bacteria, and was the last vitamin discovered.

B12 (Cobalamin)

Which vitamin involved functions including phospholipid synthesis, acetyl choline formation, and platelet activation-clotting? A deficiency can lead to reduced weight gain, rough hair coat, etc.

Choline

Which vitamin involves functions with collagen synthesis, amino acid metabolism, antioxidant activity, iron absorption, and immune function? Most animals can make their own supply.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

What are some factors that affect vitamin requirements?

Life stage, health, species.

Which type of vitamin can be stored in adipose tissue, isn’t necessarily needed on a daily basis, and toxicity can be a more likely problem?

Fat soluble vitamins

Which type of vitamins cannot be stored, are needed in daily supplementation, and toxicity is less likely to be a problem?

Water soluble vitamins

Which vitamin includes functions with vision, cellular differentiation, growth, reproduction, immunity, and maintenance of epithelial cell function?

Vitamin A (Retinol)

A toxicity of this vitamin could result in anorexia, weight loss, skin thickening, crusty eyelids, weak bones, and death.

Vitamin A

Which vitamin includes functions with calcium homeostasis, calcium binding protein synthesis, and indirectly enhancing absorption of phosphorus.

Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)

Deficiency of this vitamin can lead to rickets or osteomalacia. Deficiency is likely due to inadequate intake or low sunlight exposure, or liver or kidney disease.

Vitamin D

Toxicity of this vitamin could lead to abnormal deposition of calcium in soft tissue.

Vitamin D

Which vitamin includes functions of working with Se as an antioxidant and immune function.

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)

Deficiency of this vitamin can lead to mulberry heart disease.

Vitamin E

Which vitamin includes functions with coagulation.

Vitamin K

Deficiency of this vitamin can lead to excessive internal bleeding, and increased clotting time. Includes sweet clover disease.

Vitamin K

What nutrient is described as inorganic elements with many physiological functions including; gene and enzyme expression and regulations, osmotic balance, immunity, cell membrane function, acid-base balance, structural support and growth?

Minerals

Which type of minerals are measured by %? Includes Ca, P, Mg, S, Na, K, Cl.

Macrominerals

Which type of minerals is measured in ppm? Includes Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Se, I, Co, Mo, Cr.

Microminerals

Which mineral is mainly found in bone and includes functions with nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and blood coagulation?

Calcium

Deficiency of this mineral can lead to Rickets, osteomalacia, or milk fever.

Calcium

Which mineral is a component of bone and includes functions in ATP/ADP, cell membranes, and DNA/RNA?

Phosphorus

Toxicity of this mineral can lead to fibrous osteodystrophy (big head in horses)

Phosphorus

Which mineral includes functions as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions, nerve impulse control, and muscle contraction?

Magnesium

Deficiency of this mineral can lead to grass tetany.

Magnesium

Toxicity of this mineral can lead to decreased feed intake, loss of reflexes, diarrhea, and/or cardiorespiratory depression.

Magnesium

Which minerals are considered electrolytes? Include functions maintaining ionic balance, acid-base balance, cell membranes signaling, osmotic pressure, and enzymatic cofactors.

Na, K, Cl

Which mineral is a main extracellular cation and includes functions maintaining cell permeability for active transport of nutrients, muscle contraction, and nerve impulses transmission?

Sodium (Na)

Which mineral is a major cation in intracellular fluid and includes functions providing osmotic pressure to maintain fluid volume, enzymatic reactions, normal cardiac functions, and muscle activity?

Potassium (K)

Which mineral is an anion to counter balance other cations, mainly found in extracellular fluid, and includes functions with gastric enzymes.

Chloride (Cl)

Which mineral is mostly found in amino acids, vitamins, and other organic molecules, and may contribute to PEM in ruminants?

Sulfur (S)

Which mineral is involved in many enzymes, is necessary for normal bone growth, and deficiency may result in skeletal abnormalities?

Manganese (MN)

Which mineral is involved in many enzymes, absorption is affected by source, and is known for its toxicity (especially in sheep)?

Copper (Cu)

Which mineral is combined with tyrosine to make thyroid hormones, and regulated metabolic rate?

Iodine (I)

Which mineral is needed for vitamin B12 synthesis?

Cobalt (Co)

Which mineral is accumulated in plants, can concentrations can vary by geographic regions? Deficiency can lead to white muscle disease.

Selenium (Se)

Which mineral includes functions with many enzymes, hemoglobin and myoglobin, and is not typically supplemented?

Iron (Fe)

Which mineral is heavily involved in enzyme functions and is also involved in foot health, immunity, and cell replication? Deficiency can lead to dermatitis, alopecia, growth retardation, immune depression, hyoponadism, etc.

Zinc (Zn)

Which mineral is a part of Zanthine oxidase, is not always considered essential, and low or high levels may contribute to Cu deficiency?

Molybdenum (Mo)

Which mineral has only one approved source?

Chromium (Cr)

In what order does feed pass through the compartments of a ruminant?

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

Describe the basic function of the rumen.

Forage processed mechanically and exposed to bacteria that can breakdown cellulose (foregut fermentation).

Describe the basic function of the reticulum.

Allows the animal to regurgitate & reprocess particulate matter (chewing cud)

Describe the basic function of the omasum.

Further mechanical processing of the more finely divided food.

Define the basic function of the abomasum.

“True stomach” digestive enzymes break down bacteria so as to release nutrients.

Which type of digestion can be described as using enzymes from microbial origin, slow rate of run, high substrate alteration? Occurs in reticula-rumen, cecum, colon.

Fermentation

Which type of digestion can be described as using enzymes from host origin, fast rate of run, and less substrate alteration. Occurs in abomasum and small intestine.

Glandular