Unit 2 Part B Flashcards

Cell

basic strctural unit of the body

Tissue

Combo of similar cells

Organ

collection of tissues working together to form a particular function

Body system

consists of a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organism

a life form made up of interdependent parts (cells, tissue, organs, body system) that work together to maintain life

Homeostasis

stable internal environment of physiological balance despite changes inside or outside of the body (temp. control, regulation of blood glucose, etc.)

Cytology

study of the formation, structure, and function of cells

Organelles

specialized structures that enable specific functions

Cell membrane (aka plasma membrane)

surrounds every cell, separating it from the external environment, selectively semipermeable

selective semipermeable membrane

determine what enters and leaves the cell

nucleus

controls the cell, responsible for the main function and reproduction of the cell, contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs but only 22 are identical.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

each chromosome contains DNA, it is responsible for a person’s genetic makeup

Cytoplasm

semifluid material between the nucleus and cell membrane, where chemical reactions occur

Electrolytes

compounds made up of charged partciles called ions (conduct electrical currents in water or cytoplasm)

Cations

positively charged ions that create acids

Anions

negatively charged ions that create bases (react with acids to form salts)

pH of a fluid

measures presence of acids and bases, cells and tissues function at different pH levels and cannot function properly if a normal pH balance is not maintained

muscle cells

long, slender cells within muscle tissue, they allow muscles to contract and relax

epithelial cells

flat, square cells covering the skin and lining the digestive tract and hollow organs

fat cells

large, empty space to store fat

nerve cells

long, fibrous extensions that carry nerve impulses

blood cells

vary in size and shape according to their function

s*x cells

the ovum (female s*x cell) is the largest cell in the body, the sperm (male s*x cell) is the smallest

mitosis

how most cells divide, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells

meiosis

type of cell division that produces sex cells (gametes) such as sperm and eggs, with half the usual number of chromosomes

Genetics

study of ways in which genes are transferred from individuals to their offspring and the role genes play in the health of the offspring

Genetic (hereditary) disorders

disease or conditions caused by a defective gene, may be present at birth or may not be apparent until later in life

Anabolism

building up process in which energy combines smaller units into molecules, or groups of two or more atoms that chemically bond together with specific properties

Aplasia

condition in which a cell, tissue, or organ does not grow or develop normally

Carcinogenesis

formation of development of cancer

Endocytosis

process in which substances are brought inside a cell

Eukaryotic

having a clearly defined nucleus

Exocytosis

process in wich substances are transported outside of a cell

Histogenesis

production of tissues

Hypertonic

having a greater pressure or concentration in a solution than a cell, causing water to flow out of the cell, resulting in cellular shrinking

Hypotonic

having a lower pressure or concentration in solute than a cell, causing water to flow into the cell, resulting in cellular swelling

Isotonic

having equal pressure or concentration inside and outside of a cell

Lysosomes

organelles that destroy pathogens and nonfunctional cells

Prokaryotic

no clearly defined nucleus

Tissues

group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

Histology

study of structure and function of tissues

Biopsy

allows a provider to remove a small piece of tissue, a portion of an organ, or an entire organ for microscopic examination

Pathologist

physician who specialzies in the study of disease, examines the tissue or sections of the organ under a microscope

Epithelial tissue

forms the skin covering the surface of the body, lines the internal organs and makes up certain glands, typically characterized by the number of cell layers within the tissue and the shape of the tissue’s cells

Simple epithelium

tissue with one layer of cells

Stratified epithelium

tissue with more than one layer

Squamous

Flat shaped

Cuboidal

cube shaped

Columnar

cells shaped like columns

Connective tissue

supports and connects organs and other body tissues

dense connective tissue

bone, cartilage

loose connective tissue

nerve cells, blood vessels

adipose tissue

also referred to as fat, provide heat retaining insulation

liquid connective tissue

blood, lymph

Muscle tissue

contracts (shortens) to produce bodily movements (3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth)

Skeletal muscle (voluntary)

attached to bones, muscles work with the musculoskeletal system to generate movement at will

Cardiac muscle

only found in the heart and is responsible for the pumping function of the heart

smooth muscle (visceral muscle, involuntary muscle)

lines the walls of hollow organs, like those in the digestive tract, these muscles can’t be consciously controlled

Peristalsis

results from smooth muscles alternating contraction and stretching motions, and it helps move substances along a pathway, such as digested food through the intestines

Nervous tissue

makes up the nervous system and is made of neurons, which receive and conduct electrochemical impulses between the brain and other parts of the body

Organs

structures composed of several kinds of tissues that work together to perform a specific function, example: heart, lungs, stomach, brain

Body systems

groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions and maintain life, body systems work together to maintain homeostasis

Integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands

Skeletal System

bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

Muscular System

muscles

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine system

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, thalamus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads (ovaries in females, testes in males)

Respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Cardiovascular (circulatory) system

heart, blood vessels

Lymphatic (immune) system

spleen, lymph nodes, vessels, and tissues, thymus, bone marrow

Digestive System

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver, appendix, rectum, anus

Urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Reproductive system

female- mammary glands, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
male- penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland