PSYC34 Lecture 4

Maximizing vs. Satisficing

Maximizing outlook leads to more regret and sadness compared to satisficing approach.

Cross-cultural differences in maximizing and satisficing

In societies where freedom and agency are valued, valuing choice may have a negative effect. Satisficers show more psychological well-being than maximizers in the US and Europe, but not in China.

Pleasure and Reward

Liking (consummatory pleasure) is the enjoyment from consuming or experiencing a reward, while wanting (anticipatory pleasure) is the desire or motivation to obtain a reward.

Key Neurotransmitter Systems in Pleasure and Reward

Dopamine is involved in anticipatory pleasure, while opioids and endocannabinoids are involved in liking.

Does Uncertainty Increase Dopamine Release?

Sustained dopamine release is highest when there is a 50% reward prediction, suggesting that uncertainty increases dopamine release.

Benign Masochism

Benign masochism refers to the enjoyment of experiences that are painful or disgusting but produce pleasure. Some people enjoy pain due to the sensation-seeking trait and the association between sensitivity to reward and liking aversive things.

Desire and its discontents

Desire is associated with lower momentary happiness, especially when it is in conflict with one's goals. Attaining happiness may be connected to satisfying desires, but having the wrong relationship with desire can lead to dissatisfaction.