Musculoskeletal System Pathology Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to musculoskeletal system pathology, including muscle atrophy, hypertrophy, skeletal disorders, and more, to aid in exam preparation.

What are some examples of diseases caused by denervation atrophy in muscles?

Examples include Laryngeal hemiplegia, 'Sweeney', Equine motor neuron disease, and Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.

What is disuse atrophy and what can cause it?

Disuse atrophy results from decreased muscle use due to painful lameness, immobilization like casting, or restricted environments.

What nutritional deficiency is associated with cachexia and atrophy?

Insufficient quantity and/or quality of nutrients in the diet, as seen in chronic diseases.

Which endocrine diseases can cause muscle atrophy in dogs?

Hypothyroidism and Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's).

What is muscle hypertrophy and what are some causes?

Muscle hypertrophy can be physiological due to exercise, genetic (e.g., myostatin gene mutation), or from feed additives.

What are the causes of muscle necrosis?

Trauma, ischemia, inherited diseases, inflammatory myopathies, and extreme exertion.

What is myasthenia gravis and how does congenital differ from acquired in dogs?

Congenital myasthenia gravis is autosomal recessive without autoantibodies, whereas acquired is immune-mediated with autoantibodies present.

What describes an abnormal dorsal curvature of the spinal column?

Kyphosis.

What is amelia?

The absence of one or more limbs.

What are the two types of green muscle diseases and how do they differ?

Deep pectoral myopathy (related to trauma) and eosinophilic myositis (due to parasites).

What materials make up bone?

Bone is made of osteoid (organic material) and hydroxyapatite crystals (inorganic material).

What is the difference between osteopetrosis and osteoporosis?

Osteopetrosis involves an osteoclast defect leading to thickened bones, while osteoporosis involves reduced bone mass and porous bones.

What are the main differentiators between rickets and osteomalacia?

Rickets occurs in growing young animals, while osteomalacia occurs in adults.

What vitamin is crucial for Guinea pig skeletal development?

Vitamin C; a lack can impair collagen synthesis and cause hemorrhage.

What are two main differentials for skeletal muscle pallor in pigs?

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency and ionophore toxicity.

What distinguishes hypertrophic osteopathy from metaphyseal osteopathy?

Hypertrophic osteopathy shows periosteal proliferation in long bones, while metaphyseal osteopathy shows necrosis and inflammation in the metaphyses.

What are some risk factors for osteochondrosis (OCD)?

Genetics, trauma, nutrition, and growth rate.

What does fibrillation indicate in degenerative joint disease (DJD)?

It is the earliest change indicating softening of articular cartilage with areas of roughening.

What are osteophytes in DJD?

Bony outgrowths or protuberances that form along the joint margins due to chronic changes.

What is the term for inflammation of the vertebra?

Spondylitis.

What is the main difference between spondylosis and diskospondylitis?

Spondylosis is a degenerative condition, while diskospondylitis refers to inflammation of both the intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebrae.