unit 1 part 8

Which of the following best describes the relationship
between stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (Q)?
A. SV is independent of Q
B. Q = SV × HR
C. Q = SV ÷ HR
D. SV = Q × HR

B

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system primarily
controls ventricular contractility?
A. Parasympathetic
B. Somatic
C. Sympathetic
D. Enteric

C

What is the primary neurotransmitter released by
sympathetic neurons affecting the myocardium?
A. Acetylcholine
B. Dopamine
C. Norepinephrine
D. Serotonin

C

Which of the following is not a direct effect of increased
cAMP in cardiac myocytes?
A. Increased Ca²⁺ influx
B. Decreased myosin ATPase activity
C. Enhanced SR Ca²⁺ reuptake
D. Faster crossbridge cycling

B

The Frank-Starling mechanism primarily explains the
relationship between:
A. HR and contractility
B. EDV and SV
C. Afterload and HR
D. MAP and preload

B

An increase in venous return will most likely lead to:
A. Decreased preload
B. Increased afterload
C. Increased EDV
D. Decreased contractility

C

Which of the following best explains why increased
venous return enhances contractility?
A. It increases sympathetic tone
B. It increases myocardial stretch
C. It reduces afterload
D. It decreases heart rate

B

Which of the following would most likely decrease stroke
volume?
A. Increased preload
B. Increased contractility
C. Increased afterload
D. Increased venous return

C

A patient with chronic hypertension is likely to
experience:
A. Decreased afterload
B. Increased afterload
C. Decreased preload
D. Increased parasympathetic tone

B

Which of the following is most directly influenced by
skeletal muscle activity?
A. Afterload
B. Contractility
C. Venous return
D. Heart rate

C

Which of the following would increase preload?
A. Dehydration
B. Hemorrhage
C. Increased venous pressure
D. Increased afterload

C

What is the physiological consequence of a heart rate of
180 bpm on ventricular filling time?
A. Increased filling time
B. Decreased filling time
C. No change
D. Increased preload

B

Which of the following best describes the effect of lifting
heavy weights on afterload?

A. Chronic increase
B. Acute increase
C. Chronic decrease
D. No effect

B

Which of the following would most likely increase stroke
volume during exercise?
A. Decreased venous return
B. Increased parasympathetic activity
C. Increased sympathetic activity
D. Increased afterload

C

Which of the following mechanisms is not involved in
sympathetic enhancement of contractility?
A. Increased Ca²⁺ influx
B. Increased myosin ATPase activity
C. Increased acetylcholine release
D. Increased SR Ca²⁺ reuptake

C

Which of the following is a direct result of increased
myosin ATPase activity?
A. Slower crossbridge cycling
B. Faster crossbridge cycling
C. Decreased contractility
D. Increased afterload

B

Which of the following would most likely reduce stroke
volume?
A. Increased EDV
B. Increased sympathetic tone
C. Increased arterial pressure
D. Increased venous return

C

Which of the following best explains why heart rate
affects preload?
A. It changes afterload
B. It alters filling time
C. It modifies contractility
D. It affects venous tone

B

Which of the following would increase afterload?
A. Vasodilation
B. Low blood pressure
C. High mean arterial pressure
D. Increased parasympathetic tone

C

Which of the following is true regarding parasympathetic
innervation of the ventricles?
A. It is dense and highly influential
B. It has no effect on contractility
C. It is sparse and has minimal effect
D. It increases stroke volume

C

Which of the following would most likely occur if calcium
ATPase activity in the SR is inhibited?
A. Faster relaxation
B. Increased contractility
C. Slower relaxation
D. Increased preload

C

Which of the following best describes the role of protein
kinases in cardiac contractility?
A. They inhibit calcium channels
B. They activate β1 receptors
C. They phosphorylate proteins to enhance Ca²⁺ handling
D. They reduce ATP production

C

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling
law in terms of cardiac muscle physiology?
A. Increased stretch leads to decreased force
B. Increased stretch leads to increased force
C. Stretch has no effect on force
D. Stretch decreases contractility

B

What is albutarol? + side effects

• rescription bronchodilator medication that relaxes and opens the muscles around the airways in the lungs to make breathing easier

• Tachycardia: A faster-than-normal heart rate.

• Palpitations: A pounding or racing sensation in the chest.

• Cardiac arrhythmias: Irregular heart rhythms, which can rarely include severe conditions like supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).

• Blood pressure changes:

3) Why does the heart hypertrophy in individuals with cardiovascular disease?

• heart has to pump harder

• response to stress within body

4) What is atherosclerosis?

plaque build up inside your arterie

5) How high can the blood pressure rise during heavy weight lifting?

480/350 mmHg

6) Describe different ways in which we can increase the EDV?

• aerobic exercise

• Enhance venous return

• increase blood volume