Chapter 49 - Nervous Systems

Cerebrospinal fluid

________ is stored in ventricles deep into the brain's core.

Addiction

________ is characterized by compulsive drug use, which indicates abnormal functioning of the brain's reward system, which usually provides an incentive for activities that improve survival or reproduction.

Temporary connections

________ in the hippocampus are responsible for short- term memory.

Prokaryotes

________ evolved the ability to perceive and react billions of years ago, improving survival and reproductive success in changing circumstances.

Homeostasis

________ and fundamental survival behaviors are regulated by the hypothalamus.

reticular formation

The ________, a network of neurons located in the brainstem, controls sleep and arousal.

insoluble peptide

The plaques are made up of- amyloid, a(n) ________ that is formed when the extracellular part of a membrane protein present in neurons is broken.

sensory input

Neurons in the somatosensory and motor cortex are distributed according to which region of the body provides ________ or receives motor commands.

thalamus

The ________ is the primary center from which sensory information is sent to the cerebrum.

glia function

Some ________ as stem cells capable of transforming into adult neurons.

medulla

The pons and ________ oblongata serve as relay stations for information flowing from the PNS to the cerebrum.

spinal cord

The brain and ________ include gray matter and white matter in addition to fluid- filled areas.

White matter

________ predominates in the inside of the brain, where communication between neurons plays a role in learning, feeling emotions, processing sensory information, and producing orders.

Primates

________ and cetaceans, both of which are endangered, Memory and learning are based on changes in synaptic connections.

fundamental structure

In embryos, the ________ of the nervous system is established through the controlled death of neurons and the removal of synapses.

side of the cerebral cortex

Each ________ is divided into four lobes: frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal, which comprise main sensory regions and association areas.

diffuse neural net

Interconnected neurons create a(n) ________ in most cnidarians, controlling the contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular canal.

cognitive activities

The cerebellum assists in the coordination of motor, perceptual, and ________.

primitive creatures

Hydras, jellyfish, and other cnidarians are the most ________ to have nervous systems.

Adult nervous system

________ remodeling can entail the loss or addition of synapses, as well as the strengthening or weakening of signals at synapses.

Bipolar disorder

________ and major depressive disorder can be treated with drugs that enhance the activity of biogenic amines in the brain.

suprachiasmatic neurons

The ________ are a group of neurons found in the hypothalamus.

cortical gray matter

The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres, each with ________ overlaying white matter and basal nuclei.

Tau

________ undergoes alterations that cause Alzheimer's disease.

Sensory signals

________ are carried to the CNS by afferent neurons.

majority of gray matter

The ________ is found on the brain's surface, bordering the white matter.

Multiple neurons' axons

________ are frequently bundled together to produce nerves in more sophisticated organisms.

gray matter

Ventricles, ________, and white matter are all components of the brain.

Efferent neurons

________ work in either the motor system (which sends signals to skeletal muscles) or the autonomic nervous system (which controls smooth and cardiac muscles)

tau protein

The ________ is the main component of the neurofibrillary tangles seen in Alzheimer's disease.

radial nerve

The ________ is connected to a neural net within each arm of a sea star, from which it receives input and transmits signals that govern muscle contraction.

term Schizophrenia

The ________ refers to being characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms that affect neuronal pathways that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter.

Cerebrospinal fluid

________, which is produced in the brain by filtering arterial blood, fills both the canal and the ventricles.

White matter

________ constitutes the outer layer of the spinal cord, indicating its role in connecting the CNS to sensory and motor neurons in the PNS.

spinal cord

The ________ transmits information to and from the brain and creates fundamental locomotor patterns.

cerebrospinal fluid

The ________ delivers wastes and nutrients to the CNS, flowing via the ventricles and central canal before emptying into the veins.

spinal cord

The ________ travels longitudinally inside the vertebral column, also known as the spine, invertebrates (as shown in the attached image)

White matter

________ is made up of bundled axons.