GEB 3213 Exam 1, trammell

clause

string of language w/ subject and verb

F.A.N.B.O.Y.S.

For

And

Nor

But

Or

Yet

So

action verb

managing, analyzing, completing

passive verb

is, am, were, was

camoflauged verbs

-ion

functional word

express relations

content word

carry meaning

connotative

underlying meaning, perception

denotative

meaning by definition

abstract

intangible, conceptual

concrete

tangible (five senses)

time, idea, anger, happiness

abstract

chair, table, wall

concrete

A.I.D.A.

1. grab Attention

2. Introduction, Interest

3. create Desire

4. request Action

illustrators

good; intended movements to facilitate content

regulators

bad; habits, nerves, anxieties

generalizations

perceptions about entire culture

cons to generalizations

stereotypes; rigid pov

pros to generalizations

prototype pov; flexibility

shaping information

direct v indirect

direct

why? of message is answered initially

indirect

beat around the bush

U.S. is a ___ context culture

low; direct, to the point

China is a ___ context culture

high; indirect, subtle

low context cultures rely on ___ to communicate

language

high context cultures rely on ___ to communicate

nonverbals, actions

high context cultures (chart)

japan, china, Korea, middle east, latin america, African, Spanish

low context cultures (chart)

British, France, north america, Scandinavia Germany, Swiss

social trust, personal relations and goodwill, slow negotiations. high or low context?

high

down to business, agreement by specific contract, efficient negotiations. high or low context?

low

modifier

further describes

dangling modifier

no correct noun/pronoun to attach to

misplaced modifier

placement to noun/subject pronoun reads incorrectly

subject pronoun examples

he, she, they, it

compound sentence

two independent clauses; comma connects

complex sentence

two clauses: one dependent, one independent

sentence fragment

incomplete; missing clause

comma splice

run-on; connects two independent clauses incorrectly

run-on sentence

multiple independent clauses in one sentence

conjunctive adverbs

transitions in sentence

conjunctive adverbs examples

therefore, moreover, nevertheless, however

conjunctive adverbs connected by (2 options)

semicolon or comma

readability formulas

simplicity of read; easy to pick up major points

fog index

includes abstract nouns; words w 3+ syllables, long sentences

Culture

the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life's concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior

The key words for understanding intercultural business communication are:

- attitudes

- behavior

- values

Projected cognitive similarity

assuming you know the perceptions, judgements, attitudes, and values of another person because you believe they are just like your own

- bad, recipe for disaster

Story about his experience in France represents the negatives of what?

Stereotyping

Prototype approach

like stereotyping but allows flexibility, allows the viewer to leave room for differences in individuals

What do we mean when we use the word "context"? (High/Low Context Cultures)

talking about the situation of the communication but not necessarily the words spoken

High Context Cultures are those who rely on...

the context of the message to relay the majority of the important information

Low context cultures are those who rely on....

the words spoken in a message to deliver and understand communication information

Story about Iranian student represents..

how he believed through his subtle statements about the hair in the bathroom, his roomate should have cleaned up, lesson learned was to be direct to the American

Ethnocentric Staffing

the primary language used for a multinational business will be the same no matter its many offices' locations

- now viewed as insensitive to other countries

Polycentric Staffing

managers are hired from their host countries

- communication problems may arrise

Geocentric Staffing

requires that the person hired as a manager in the headquarters' location or a subsidiary's location be the best person for the job, regardless of background.

- communication again could be an issue

Using an interpreter brings what problem up?

chances of miscommunication double with the message

Idioms

create confusion

Two-word verbs

consists of a verb and a second element

- can be a stumbling block

Three steps for writing

1. Planning

2. Composing

3. Revising

Collaborative Writing

1. Strong commitment to the team

2. Create a supportive collaborative atmosphere

A business message will typically do 1 of 3 things:

1. Inform

2. Persuade

3. Collaborate

Initial part of the planning process is:

Defining the purpose of your message

Infinitives

a verb preceded by "to"

ex. to jump, to calculate

Topic sentence

the focusing-tool for the entire paragraph

Supporting sentences

flesh-out ideas asserted in the topic sentence

sentence fragments

pieces of language that cannot stand alone

Complete sentence requires...

a subject and a predicate (verb)

Subordinating conjunction examples

- when

- if

- because

- while after

- unless

- until

If a sentence begins with a subordinating conjunction...

it's a subordinate or dependent clause and thus cannot stand alone

Simple Sentence

one subject and one predicate

Compound Sentence

combines two simple sentences but requires a special "glue"

What does the "glue" in a compound sentence refer to>?

a comma or coordinating conjunction (and) or a semicolon

Complex Sentence

one independent clause is combined with one or more dependent clauses

Comma splice

two independent clauses that are incorrectly spliced together with just a comma

How do you fix a comma splice error?

writer must create a compound sentence to link together the two independent clauses

Run-on-sentence

independent clauses that are not correctly held together with the "glue"

Conjunctive adverbs

words we like to use as transitional oil as we move from idea to idea, thought to thought, within our sentences and paragraphs

The correct punctuation pattern to use with a conjunctive adverb linking up two independent clauses must include....

a semicolon

Examples of a conjunctive adverb

- anyway

- besides

- instead

- moreover

- otherwise

- therefore

Modifier

a word or phrase that describes something (typically a noun) in a little more detail

ex. an adjective works as a modifier for a noun

Verbal participial phrase

a verb begins the phrase

Dangling infinitive phrase

"to" preceding the verb, as in "to jump" or "to think" can create issues for the writer

Self Esteem Tactics

appeal to desire to stand out in a crowd

Scarcity technique

show the products exclusivity

Social Proof strategy

testimonials from people the reader will respect

Reciprocity approach

promises to give something back to the reader in some way