FNDH 132 Final Exam

Name the 4 components of the food system and give examples of business and organizations for each one.

Producers (Farmers, home gardens), Processors (production of ingredients, production of food, products, Factories) Distribution (Wholesale, retail, farmer’s markets) Consumers (us)

What are food miles?

The distance food travels from the farm it was grown to the plate where it’s eaten.

What four external domain factors interact with the food system and influence food choice and ultimately healthy outcomes?

Food availablity, prices vendor and product properties, and marketing and regulation.

What four personal domain factors interact with the food system and influence food choice and ultimately healthy outcomes?

Accessibility, affordability, convienence, desirability

What are the three top drivers of food choice?

Taste, cost, and convienence.

How does systems thinking help us identify specific changes that can impact our food choice and health outcomes?

It connects social, political, environmental, and economic factors that shape what we eat together.

What are the top two causes of death according to 2023 data?

Heart disease and cancer

Which 8 of the top 10 causes of death are diet related?

Heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, kidney disease, chronic liver disease/cirrhosis.

What’s the general amount of education, supervised practice, and credentialing exam is needed for a RD?

Master’s degree, 58 credit hours of ACEND nutrition coursework, ACEND supervised practice, RDN Exam. Continuing education

What’s the general amount of education, supervised practice, and credentialing exam is needed for a NDTR?

ACEND coursework and supervised practice. credentialing exam, continuing education.

What’s the general amount of education, supervised practice, and credentialing exam is needed for a CDM?

120 hrs of classroom work, 150 hrs supervised practice, CDM exam.

What’s the general amount of education, supervised practice, and credentialing exam is needed for a CNS?

Masters or doctoral degree, 24 credit hrs science, 12 hrs grad level nutrition courses, 1000 practice hours, credentialing exam.

What’s the general amount of education, supervised practice, and credentialing exam is needed for a DC?

Doctorate of chiropractic, 1000 hrs clinical practice, credentialing exam.

What’s the general amount of education, supervised practice, and credentialing exam is needed for a CSNC?

Online course training, pass credentialing exam, 1.9 hours of continuing education every 2 yrs. 70% passing score.

What’s the general amount of education, supervised practice, and credentialing exam is needed for an CSSD?

2 yrs maintence of RD, 2000 hrs sports dietetics practice experience over 5 yrs, pass exam.

What’s the general amount of education, supervised practice, and credentialing exam is needed for a health coach?

75 hrs instruction, face to face training, NBHWC credentialed faculty

What’s the name of the accrediting body that helps us identify credible training programs?

ACEND

Which nutrition credentials give the individual the legal authority to do Medical Nutrition Therapy?

Being a registered dietitian.

Medical Nutrition Therapy

Nutrition care provided to treat disease

Scope of Practice

A list of services that a person holding a specific credential can legally perform.

Code of Ethics

A set of principles and professional standards that govern the decision making, integrity, and conduct of nutrition professionals.

Public Domain Materials

U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines, Harvard Healthy Plate, American Heart Association, American Cancer Association.

Can health coachs and personal trainers legally prescribe individual diet plans?

No

What does “peer reviewed” mean? Why is it a sign of credibility?

Independent experts evaluate a researcher’s written work before it can be published. It’s a sign of credibility because multiple professionals are agreeing with the information in the article.

What are the four criteria for evaluating a research article?

Courses in foundational sciences, access to scholarly journals, guidance in how to evaluate the study, surrounded by professors skilled in this.

List the 10 red flags of misinformation.

Recommendation drawn from a single study, simplistic conclusions drawn from a complex study, promise a quick fix, dire warnings of danger from a single product, dramatic statements that are refuted by reputable organization, claims that are too good to be true, lists of good and bad foods, stating research is currently underway, testimonials by celebrities, recommendations made to help sell a product.

List the 10 items on the checklist for evaluating mass media or social media story for credibility.

Did I read the full story, is it promoting something, is the author paid to promote it, does it depend on healthy halo or science, author’s credentials, was a link to research provided, did I review the actual study, does URL end it .gov/edu, what’s site’s purpose, is the site full of ads and clickbate?

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - HHS

Department of Health and Human Services resides in the Executive Branch (President’s Cabinet). Focuses on public health and social services.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - CDC

Center for Disease Control, resides in the HHS. Focuses on protecting the public from disease, injury, or disability.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - NHANES

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, resides in the CDC and assesses the health and nutritional status of people in the U.S.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - FDA

Food and Drug Administration resides in the HHS. Food and supplement regulation/labeling. Federal food code and processed food recalls.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - ODPHP

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Resides under the HHS and the Assistant Secretary for Health. Runs Healthy People 2030 and Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - Healthy People 2030

Resides in HHS and ODPHP. Sets 10 year data-driven objectives to improve health across the U.S

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans

Resides under the HHS and ODPHP. Outlines the amounts and types of physical activity needed to improve American’s health.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - NIH

National Institutes of Health provides research of health and medical improvements. Resides under the HHS. Runs PubMed, Medline, and Medline Plus.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - MedlinePlus

Search engine/database of public medical research results. Run by NIH. Provided by the U.S National Library of Medicine.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - USDA

U. S Department of Agriculture. Resides in the Cabinet of the Executive Branch. Inspects meat, poultry, and egg products to insure safety. Supports farmers and manages nutrition programs.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - FNS

Food and Nutrition Service. Resides under the USDA, and administers nutrition assistance programs like SNAP and WIC.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - WIC

Women, Infants, and Children. Resides under the USDA and run by FNS. Provides healthy foods, nutrition education, and breastfeeding support to mothers and their children.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - SNAP

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, provides monthly funds to help low-income individuals by groceries. Resides under the USDA and is run by FNS.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - NSLP

National School Lunch Program, resides under the FDA and is run by the FHS. Gives free or low-cost lunches to children in crisis or low income households.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - CNPP

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Resides under the USDA. Creates and promotes science-based dietary guidance for the American public.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Resides under the USDA and is ran by the CNPP. Guidlines that update every five years to offer evidence-based health and nutrition advice to Americans. Also provides information for MyPlate

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - Food labeling and recalls for processed foods

Resides under the HHS and the FDA. Establishes and enforces guidelines for packed and processed products. Inspects vast majority of seafood, but not catfish.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - Food labeling, USDA organic/non organic classifications, and recalls for raw meat, poultry, eggs

Resides under the USDA and the FSIS. Ensures the products are safe, properly packaged, and accurately labeled. Inspects catfish.

Give a description of the item and the federal government agency where it resides - HEI

Healthy Eating Index. Resides under USDA. Is a scoring metric used to measure overall diet quality and see how well food aligns with Dietary Guidelies for Americans on a scale of 0-100.

List the 5 Social Determinants of Health categories. For each one, identify an example that relates to nutrition/health.

Healthcare Access and Quality - increase access to high quality care services. Neighborhood and Built Environment - create neighborhoods that promote health and safety. Social and Community Context - increasing support systems for health. Economic Stability - steady income to buy heallthy foods. Education Access and Quality - increase nutrition education in schools to help children learn.

Describe each of the four types of physical activity

Aerobic: Walking, dancing, biking, swimming. Muscle strengthening: lifting weight, resistance bands, body weight. Bone strengthening (Weight bearing): Running, jumping rope. Bone strengthing (weight loading): Weight lifting.

What’s the physical activity guidelines for adults (19+)

150 minutes of vigorous activity level. 2 strength days a week.

Define these acronyms: USPSTF, NASEM, DRI

U.S. Preventative Service Task Force. National Academies of Science, Engeneering, and Math. Daily Recommended Intake

How often are DGAs updated?

Every 5 years

Heidi expressed her thoughts about the difference between the 2020-2025 DGA and the 2025-2030 DGA. In a general sense, do both editions align with current scientific evidence on nutrition and health?

They both align with the current scientific evidence, and they aren’t really different in information. However, the 2025-2030 guidelines are less precise, which may cause confusion among Americans.

Define these chemistry terms: Atom, element, molecule, compound, chemical reaction, endothermic, exothermic, anabolic, and catabolic.

Atom: Basic building block of all matters in the universe. Element: Pure substance made up of one type of atom. Molecule: Group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Compound: A pure substance made of two or more chemical elements joined together by chemical bonds. Chemical reaction: Process where starting substances change into entirely new substances with different properties. Endothermic: A chemical or physical process that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings. Exothermic: Chemical process that releases energy into its surroundings. Anabolic: Builds up molecules and consumes energy. Catabolic: Breaks down complex molecules into smaller units and releases energy.

Describe the relationship of these components that make up an atom: Nucleus, neutron, proton, electron.

The nucleus is the center of the atom. Protons and neutrons are found inside this nucleus. Electrons are found outside the nucleus.

Draw a nutrient organizational chart

N/A

List the four macronutrients and the two general functions of macronutrients

Carbohydrates, protein, lipids(fat), and water. Building blocks and provide fuel

What is the general function of the 29 micronutrients?

13 Vitamins, 16 Minerals. Facilitate chemical reactions.

What are the names of the two categories of the 29 micronutrients?

Vitamins and minerals

Define these terms as they relate to nutrients: Essential, organic, and non organic

Organic molecules contain carbon. Non organic don’t. Essential nutrients are compounds that the body can’t make on it’s own or in sufficient amounts.

Define these terms as they relate to a healthy eating pattern: Diet, adequacy, balance, moderation, variety, nutrient density.

Diet is what you are eating. Adequacy is choosing nutrient dense over empty calories that support growth/maintenance. Balance is not consuming one nutrient at the expense of others. Moderation is not too much, not too little. Variety is eating multiple kinds of foods. Nutrient density is foods that provide health-promoting components with less sugars, and sodium.

How does choosing nutrient dense foods most of the time improve the nutritional value of an eating pattern?

You are getting more healthy vitamins and minerals per calorie of food.

Know a one sentence description for each of these eating patterns: Mediterranean, Vegetarian, Blue Zones, DASH.

Mediterranean: plant foods, white meats, healthy fats. Vegetarian: Doesn’t eat any type of meat. Blue Zones: whole food, mostly plant based eating pattern modeled after people who live extra long livses. DASH: Balanced eating plan designed to prevent or treat high blood pressure.

Know a one sentence description for these eating approaches: Intuitive eating, eating competence, mindful eating, health at every size.

Intuitive eating is listening to your body’s signals rather than following outside rules. Eating competence (Ellyn Satter) is focusing on your relationship with food instead of restricting what you eat. Mindful eating is paying full attention to your hunger cues and eating without judgement. Health at every size shifts the focus of healthcare away from bodyweight and onto healthy behaviors.

What’s the purpose of being eating competent?

Eating until satisfied, choosing foods you enjoy, trusting your body’s hunger and satiety cues, giving yourself permission to eat, giving thought to food selection that supports help, giving food and eating some time during the day.

What non governmental organization maintains and updates the DRIs?

NASEM

Define these DRI reference values: Al, EER, AMDR, CDRR.

AI: Adequate Intake, an estimated estimate when RDA can’t be determined. EER: Estimated Energy Requirement. Average energy intake predicted to maintain balance in a healthy person. AMDR: Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range, a range for specific macro expressed as a percent of total daily calories. CDRR: Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake, an intake level expected to lower the risk of developing a chronic disease.

Describe the relationship between an individual’s specific nutrient needs and the normal curve of nutrient needs of the population.

An individual's specific nutrient requirement is an unknown exact point on a population's normal curve of nutrient needs.

Describe the risk of deficiency, risk of excess, EAR, RDA, UL

Risk of dificiency is the chance your body doesn’t get enough of a nutrient. Risk of excess is the chance your body gets too much of a nutrient. EAR: Estimated Average Requirement, daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the needs of 50% of people RDA: Recommended Daily Allowance, the daily nutrient level enough to meet the needs of 98% of healthy people. UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level, represents max intake that’s unlikely to cause health problems.

What is the nutrient that has been assigned a CDRR value? What is that value?

Sodium, less than 2300 mg a day.

Describe the term Daily Value, its relationship to DRIs and its purpose.

DV is a set of reference numbers used to help people understand how a single serving of food fits into total daily diet. It’s related to DRI because it’s derived from the scientific data of DRI.

Regarding the Nutrition Facts Panel, what is the relationship between serving size and nutrient amounts listed?

The nutrients on the label are for that serving size

On the Nutrition Fact panel, some rows are indented. What does that signify?

It shows the subcategories of the nutrients.

What are five nutrients listed on the Nutrition Facts panel that Americans should get more of?

Fiber, Vitamin D, Calcium, Iron, Potassium

What are three nutrients listed on the Nutrition Facts panel that Americans should get less of?

Saturated fats, sodium, added sugars

What is the purpose of the % daily value on the nutrition facts panel?

Shows if the food is high or low in a particular nutrient.

What % Daily value, what’s considered low and high?

5% or less is low. Over 20% is high

Related to the Nutrition Facts panel, describe the order in which the ingredients are listed.

Listed in descending order by weight

List the 9 Major food allergens that must be identified on the nutrition facts panel.

Milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, soybeans, sesame seeds.

Interpret a Nutrition Facts panel and use it to answer nutrition questions.

N/A

For each of these laws, give a 1 sentence description of it’s purpose and the year passed and enacted - Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDC)

Passed and enacted in 1938 to protect public healthy by giving the FDA the authority to oversee labeling of food, drugs and cosmetics.

For each of these laws, give a 1 sentence description of it’s purpose and the year passed and enacted - Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA)

Passed and enacted in 1990 to give FDA authority to require nutrition labeling and regulate health claims on packaged foods.

For each of these laws, give a 1 sentence description of it’s purpose and the year passed and enacted - Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA)

2004 or 2006 Requires manufacturers to identy major food allergens in plain language on packaged food labels so consumers can avoid allergic reactions.

Know a one sentence description for each of these terms as related to food labels - Nutrient Claims

Describes a level of nutrient in the product (free, high, low etc)

Know a one sentence description for each of these terms as related to food labels - Health Claims

Describes relationship between food component and health related conditions. (Calcium and osteoporosis)

Know a one sentence description for each of these terms as related to food labels - Structure/Function Claims

Describe the role of a nutrient for a body structure or function. (“Calcium builds strong bones”, not “this product will cure osteoporosis”)

What is the government agency that oversees the National Organic Program?

Agricultural Marketing Service within the USDA

Describe the three levels of organic certification and how this can be noted on a food label.

Level 1 - 100% Organic. Level 2 (Organic) 95% or more organic ingredients. Level 3 (Made with Organic) 70-95% organic ingredients.

Know the name and general criteria of the three categories of products that can earn USDA organic certification.

Produce and grains: natural fertilizers, eco-friendly pest control, no GMOs, soil and water protections. Meat/dairy/eggs: Roam freely, No growth hormones or antibiotics. Packaged goods: No GMOs, artificial colors, flavors, preservatives, traced from farm to store.

According the FDA regulations, can food labels show the terms “healthy” or natural"? What are the criteria that must be met in order to use each of those terms?

Healthy: Meet limits for added sugar, sat fat, sodium. Must contain certain amount of food from certain foodgroups/subgroups. Natural: Nothing artificial or synthetic has been included in or added.

What is the FDA’s definition of “ultra processed food”?

There isn’t one. NHANES says 70% of food supply is ultra processed foods.

What is the main function of carbs in the human body?

Providing energy

Why is the RDA for carbs 130g/day?

It’s the minimum amount of glucose needed to support brain function.

What is the AMDR for carbs?

45% to 65% of daily nutrient intake

Americans should limit their intake of added sugar to less than __ of their total calories.

10%

Americans should consume between ___ grams of fiber a day.

25-35

According to My Plate, how much of the plate should consist of fruits and veggies?

50%

According to My Plate, how much of the plate should consists of whole grains?

25%

Which of the five food groups have carbs?

Grains, veggies, fruits, dairy

How many calories per gram to carbs provide?

4 calories per gram

Know how to calculate the caloric value given grams of carbs.

N/A