UCF Anatomy Block 2

study guide

what are the primary curvatures of the spine?

Thoracic and Sacral, CONVEX

What are the secondary curvatures of the spine?

Cervical and Lumbar (CONCAVE)

Which of the secondary curvatures form first?

cervical, neck

what ages do the secondary form?

around 4-5 months and around 9-18 months

number of vertebrae in cervical

7

number of vertebrae in thoracic

12

number of vertebrae in lumbar

5

clinical significance of scoliosis

pathological, causes spine to form C or S shape . best to catch early on

clinical significance of kyphosis

- hunching of the back, over-accentuation of a normal curvature
- most common in elderly individuals as a consequence of aging

clinical significance of lordosis

- over-accentuation of lumbar curvature
- can be congenital or can be developed over time

common characteristics of vertebrae

All have a Body, Lamina, Pedicle, Superior Articular Processes/Facet, Spinous Process, Transverse Processes, Vertebral Arches and a Vertebral Foramen

What is C1?

Atlas, supports skull, no body, allows head to nod, has arch for Dens

What is C2?

Axis, has Dens, Body and Spinous Process

What is the Dens?

Pivot for rotation of atlas and skull . Superiorly Up where the body should be

What is the Hangman Fracture?

When the arch of the axis pushes into the dens into the brain stem, leading to death

Describe C3-C7

-Smallest and Lightest

-Spinal Process is Bifid

-Looks like a little smile :D

-Has transverse foramina

-Spinal Cord is largest here

Describe T1-T10

- Attaches to the ribs

- No transverse foramen

- 2-9 have DEMIFACETS

Describe T11-T12

- Floating Ribs (only posterior articulation)

Describe Lumbar Vertebrae

thick/robust , thin transverse process, triangular vertebral foramen, allows flexion and extension
- smaller as you venture down

What is within the Vertebral Foramen

Spinal cord, Meninges, Fat, Vessels, CSF, Spinal Nerve rootlets

What is within the INtervertbral Foramen

Spinal Nerve/Nerve Roots
DRG
Vessels

What is within the transverse Foramen

vertebral artery

What is the function of the intervertebral disc?

shock absorber, permits slight movement of vertebrae

What is a herniated disc?

abnormal displacement of the nucleus puplosus, pushes on nerves + pain

phases of herniation

degeneration, prolapse, extrusion, sequestration

what is the fibrocartilage of the intervertebral discs called

anaulus fibrosus

what is the gel center of the intervertebral discs called

nucleus pulposus

Which vertebra only have a single facet for articulating with the ribs?

T10-T12

Trapezius function

elevation, retraction and rotation of scapula

innervation of the trapezius

accessory nerve (CN XI) and C3-C4

Latissimus dorsi function

levator scapula function

rhomboid major / minor function

what is considered the erector spinae?

what is in the suboccipital triangle?

Where in the vertebral column does the spinal cord end?

Where does the lumbar puncture occur?

Where does one preform epidural anesthesia?

Why is epidural anesthesia given?

what is spina bifida and its clinical significance?

what is spina bifida occulta and its clinical significance?

what is the clinical significance of a fracture in the 1st rib

what is the clinical significance of a fracture in the middle rib

what is the clinical significance of a fracture in the lower rib cage?

what structure of the rib articulates with the body and transverse processes?

which muscles elevate the thoracic cage?

What is the clinical significance of the location of the intercostal vessels and nerves?

What is the importance of the retromammary space?

What is the importance of the suspensory ligaments?

Which hormone is responsible for breast growth? What is under the influence of each?

Clinical significance of breast cancer

Clinical significance of mastechtomy

Clinical significance of gynecomastia

Clinical significance of sucking pneumothorax

Clinical significance of tension pneumonthorax

What are the types of pleural effusion?

hydrothorax, pyothorax, chylothorax, and hemothorax

hydrothorax

pyothorax

hemothorax

What is the Clinical significance of pleuritis

What is the Clinical significance of thoracocentesis

Innervation of the lungs

Tracheal divisions

Bronchopulmonary segments

Gas exchange process

pulmonary circulation pathway

Layers of pericardium

Lay

Layers of Heart wall

Clinical significance of pericardtis

Clinical significance of cardiac tamponade

Branches of left and right coronary arteries

What is the venous drainage of the heart?

Clinical significance of rheumatic fever?

Conduction system pathway of heart?

What structures are in the supracardiac mediastinum ?