Human Anat: Bones

What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?

Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton.

What does the Axial Skeleton consist of?

Skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and sacrum.

What is the composition of the Appendicular Skeleton?

Upper limbs, pectoral girdle, lower limbs, and pelvic girdle.

What are bone markings?

Ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces.

What is an articulated skeleton?

Bones held together to demonstrate spatial relationships.

What is a disarticulated bone?

Isolated bones used for studying bone surface features in detail.

How many cranial bones are there?

8 cranial bones.

What are the three divisions of cranial fossae?

Anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae.

What features are found on the frontal bone?

Glabella, supraorbital foramen/ridge, and frontal sinus.

What is the function of the sphenoid bone's sella turcica?

It contains the hypophyseal fossa.

What connects the frontal bone to the parietal bones?

Coronal Suture.

What are fontanels?

Soft spots of the skull.

How many major fontanels are there?

6 major fontanels: Anterior, posterior, 2 sphenoid, and 2 mastoid fontanels.

What paired facial bones are included in the facial skeleton?

2 Maxillae, 2 Palatine, 2 Zygomatic, 2 Lacrimal, 2 Nasal, and 2 Inferior nasal conchae.

What is the function of the auditory ossicles?

They are involved in hearing.

What are the four major pairs of paranasal sinuses?

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses.

What does the cranial cavity contain?

The brain.

Which openings are found in the sphenoid region?

Optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum.

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs (CN I–XII).

What is the function of CN I (Olfactory Nerve)?

Sensory; processes odors and aromas.

What cranial passage does CN II (Optic Nerve) use?

Optic foramen.

What is the function of CN III (Oculomotor Nerve)?

Motor/mixed; moves eye and eyelid, constricts pupil, aids lens focus.

What is the damage associated with CN IV (Trochlear Nerve)?

Double vision.