Hist 1010 Exam 2 Holly

Yellow and Yangtze Rivers

The two major rivers associated with the birthplace of civilization in Ancient China. ★ OLD QUIZ

Paleolithic China

Humans appeared in northern China around 100,000 years ago; they hunted animals and foraged grasses, beans, and roots.

Neolithic China

Early Chinese communities settled along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, farmed grain and millet, domesticated animals, and produced pottery and jade.

Yellow River

A major Chinese river whose fertile sediment supported agriculture but whose flooding required walls and dikes.

Shang Dynasty

Chinese dynasty from about 1600-1046 BCE; first Chinese dynasty for which written script survives. :chatgpt-content-reference{index="3"}

Shang writing

Writing placed on bones, shells, rocks, and pottery.

Shang military

Used bronze weaponry, chariots, horses, and prisoners of war.

Oracle bones

Bones used for divination in Shang China; writing was placed on them and heat created cracks that were interpreted as answers. ★ OLD QUIZ

Divination

Attempting to discover information or predict events through supernatural or religious means; oracle bones were a Shang example.

Fu Hao

Shang royal woman who was a priestess, queen, and military general; demonstrates that royal women could possess religious, political, and military authority. ★ OLD QUIZ

Shang royal women

Royal women could participate in politics, warfare, and the royal ancestral cult.

Zhou Dynasty

People north of the Shang who overthrew them around 1045 BCE; reduced human sacrifice and reliance on oracle bones. :chatgpt-content-reference{index="4"}

Mandate of Heaven

Idea that a ruler has Heaven's approval when rule produces peace and prosperity, but can lose the right to rule through cruelty, greed, neglect, disasters, or disorder.

Dynastic cycle

Concept connected to the Mandate of Heaven in which virtuous rulers gain legitimacy, become corrupt, lose Heaven's favor, and can justifiably be replaced.

Confucianism

Philosophical system shaping Chinese morality, government, and social relationships; spread to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. :chatgpt-content-reference{index="5"}

Kong Fuzi

Confucius; born around 551 BCE and associated with the teachings recorded in the Analects.

The Analects

Collection recording the teachings associated with Confucius.

Ren

Confucian attitude of generosity and empathy expected especially from people in positions of authority.

Five Primary Relationships

King-subject, father-son, husband-wife, elder brother-younger sibling, and friend-friend.

Friend-Friend relationship

The Confucian relationship in which each party is expected to honor the other equally.

Confucian government

People should be guided through virtue and proper behavior rather than relying entirely on punishment.

Daoism

Chinese tradition teaching that the Dao, or "the Way," is a spiritual force guiding humans and the natural world.

Dao

"The Way"; spiritual force central to Daoism.

Wuwei

Daoist idea of "non-action."

Legalism

Political philosophy arguing that government should accumulate power and maintain order using written laws, rewards, and punishments.

Han Feizi

Thinker associated with Legalism and the idea that good government requires a "rich country and a strong army."

Qin Dynasty

Dynasty associated with Shihuangdi, territorial expansion, monumental construction, and political centralization.

Shihuangdi

Qin ruler associated with major expansion, early sections of the Great Wall, and the Terracotta Army.

Terracotta Army

Monumental group of clay soldiers associated with Shihuangdi.

Korean royal women

The claim that Korean royalty refused women all political authority is FALSE. ★ OLD QUIZ

Jomon

Ancient Japanese hunter-forager tradition dated roughly 14,000-300 BCE. :chatgpt-content-reference{index="6"}

Yayoi

Agriculturalists in Japan roughly 300 BCE-300 CE; farmed crops, domesticated animals, and built canals and wells.

Yayoi and East Asian contact

There was LOTS OF CONTACT among Japan, Korea, and China during the Yayoi period. ★ OLD QUIZ

Yayoi tattoos

Art form used to communicate rank, status, and family in place of traditional writing. ★ OLD QUIZ

Southeast Asia

Region including Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Myanmar.

Southeast Asian geography

Mountains, forests, rivers, streams, and bodies of water isolated communities while boats encouraged mobility.

Monsoon

Seasonal weather pattern; the word comes from an Arabic word meaning "season."

Southeast Asian monsoon

Hot land pulls in wet, cooler air from the sea; typically June-October in the slides.

Effect of Southeast Asian geography and monsoons

Helped produce highly mobile populations that often traveled by water.

Siddhartha Gautama

Buddha Sakyamuni; figure associated with the origins of Buddhism, around 563 BCE.

Buddha

Means "enlightened."

Buddhism

Religion originating in India around the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama and spreading widely throughout Asia.

Four Noble Truths

Buddhist explanation of suffering, its cause, its end, and the path for ending it. :chatgpt-content-reference{index="7"}

Dukkha

First Noble Truth: life involves suffering and imperfection.

Samudaya

Second Noble Truth: suffering is caused by ignorance and desire/craving.

Nirodha

Third Noble Truth: suffering can end when cravings are abandoned.

Magga

Fourth Noble Truth: the path to ending suffering, the Noble Eightfold Path.

Noble Eightfold Path

Buddhist path consisting of right view, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.

Right View

Eightfold Path element grouped under wisdom.

Right Resolve

Eightfold Path element grouped under wisdom.

Right Speech

Eightfold Path element concerning moral behavior.

Right Action

Eightfold Path element concerning moral behavior.

Right Livelihood

Eightfold Path element concerning moral behavior.

Right Effort

Eightfold Path element connected to mental discipline.

Right Mindfulness

Eightfold Path element connected to mental discipline.

Right Concentration

Eightfold Path element connected to mental discipline.

Nirvana

State of complete enlightenment in Buddhism; desire has been extinguished and the cycle of suffering can end. :chatgpt-content-reference{index="8"}

Samsara

Continuous cycle of birth, existence, death, and rebirth.

Karma

"Action" or "doing"; intentional actions create positive or negative consequences.

Buddhist karma

Intent matters; unintentional actions do not have the same karmic consequences, and karma is not simply fate.

Aryans

Pastoralist group from Central Asia that migrated into northern India around 1800 BCE; "arya" means noble or honorable.

Iron Age in India

Emerged in this region around 1000 BCE, after the Bronze Age. ★ OLD QUIZ

Bloomery furnace

Specialized furnace used to heat iron ore; produced a spongy iron that could be shaped by hot forging.

Vedic religion

Polytheistic religion named for the Vedas; originally transmitted orally by the Aryans. :chatgpt-content-reference{index="9"}

Vedas

Hymns transmitted across generations that formed the basis of Vedic religion.

Brahmans

Highest varna; priests and guardians of religious poems, hymns, and texts.

Brahmanism

Development of Vedic religion incorporating concepts such as samsara and karma.

Brahman

The single, formless, divine universal spirit in Hinduism.

Varna

Caste/social hierarchy.

Kshatriya

Noble/warrior families who fought to protect their kingdoms.

Vaishya

Merchants and commoners.

Shudras

Non-Aryan servants or peasants; more than half of the population according to the slides and barred from Vedic hymns.

Dalits

People placed outside and hierarchically below the other castes and historically referred to as "untouchables."

Dalit social mobility

The Dalits did NOT have social mobility. ★ OLD QUIZ

Hinduism

Name comes from Sanskrit "Sindhu," the name of the Indus River.

Henotheism

Belief emphasizing one supreme deity while recognizing other gods and goddesses; Hinduism is described this way in the slides.

Bhagavad Gita

Central Hindu text identified in the slides.

Moksha

Liberation from samsara/reincarnation; in Hinduism the soul achieves liberation and union with Brahman.

Avatar

Physical form taken when a deity descends from the heavens to restore cosmic balance.

Avatara

Sanskrit word meaning "descent." ★ OLD QUIZ

Dharma

Righteousness, duty, and cosmic order; guidelines for living according to position, role, and age.

Hinduism vs. Buddhism: founder

Hinduism has no single founder; Buddhism is associated with Siddhartha Gautama.

Hinduism vs. Buddhism: soul

Hinduism teaches an eternal soul; Buddhism rejects a permanent, unchanging soul.

Hinduism vs. Buddhism: liberation

Hinduism seeks Moksha; Buddhism seeks Nirvana.

Hinduism vs. Buddhism: caste

Hinduism historically accepted the caste system; Buddhism rejected caste as a requirement for enlightenment.

Palimpsest

A manuscript page whose original writing was scraped/removed so it could be reused; traces of the earlier text remain.

Syncretism

The blending of different cultures, religions, ideas, or philosophical traditions into a unified system. ★ OLD QUIZ

Ashoka

Mauryan ruler associated with promoting dhamma through his Edicts.

Ashoka's Edicts

Promoted dhamma and moral behavior, including nonviolence, tolerance, and social welfare. ★ OLD QUIZ

Mauryan Empire

Empire that stretched from approximately modern Afghanistan to modern Bangladesh. ★ OLD QUIZ TRUE

Eurasian Steppe

Vast grassland extending from Eastern Europe to China and occupied by mobile pastoral peoples. :chatgpt-content-reference{index="10"}

Steppe pastoralists

Nomadic peoples who raised animals such as sheep, camels, goats, and horses.

Steppe ethnic diversity

The Eurasian Steppe was NOT occupied by one homogeneous people. ★ OLD QUIZ

Steppe peoples

Groups included Turkic, Iranian, Mongolic, Uralic, and Tibeto-Burman peoples.

Khanate

Smaller family/clan-based political grouping on the Eurasian Steppe.