sociological theories of crime (passage 2)

"crime and punishment" topic

bonds of solidarity and unity

crime serves a function in society. The important fuction is that it unites the rest of the society against the criminal. The criminal violates the rules of behaviors that the rest of the society respects. When people come together to express their anger about the crime, they develop tighter bonds of solidarity and unity (FUNCTION OF CRIME TOWARDS THE SOCIETY)

mối liên kết giữa lòng đoàn kết và thống nhất với nhau

violate (v)

1/to violate international law

2/She accused the press photographers of violating her privacy.

1/ (formal) to go against or refuse to obey a law, an agreement, etc. synonym: flout

2/(formal) to upset or not respect somebody’s peace, privacy, etc. (offend sth)

Crime can lead to social change. for example, a crime may lead to improvements in laws and public services. It may take police more responsive to citizens, and create partnerships with business to improve conditions and to make reforms (cải cách)

(diễn tả cách khác hay hơn) As sociologist Emile Durkheim argued, crime often acts as a catalyst: it violates the public's shared morals, creating collective outrage that unites society to demand institutional reform, require the police’s reponsiveness to citizens, close legal loopholes, and upgrade public safety systems

(FUNCTION OF CRIME TO SOCIAL CHANGE)

catalyst /ˈkætəlɪst/

• crime often acts as a catalyst

• The riots (cuộc bạo loạn) were later seen as the catalyst for the new political developments.

a person or thing that causes a change

outrage (n) /ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/

1/ She was filled with a strong sense of moral outrage.

2/ No one has yet claimed responsibility for this latest terrorist outrage.

1/ a strong feeling of shock and anger

2 /an act or event that is violent, cruel or very wrong and that shocks people or makes them very angry = atrocity /əˈtrɒsəti/

legal loophole /ˈluːphəʊl/

The government is introducing new regulations to close tax loopholes.(Chính phủ đang đưa ra các quy định mới nhằm lấp đầy các lỗ hổng thuế.)

lỗ hổng pháp lí

“Strain Theory” emphasize that when structure of society doesnt permit people to reach their goals (such as obtaining money to live on), the strain (or tension) may lead to crime. Society encourages everyone to want the same things (a job, money) but doesn’t provide opportunities for everyone

“Strain Theory” - tội phạm sinh ra do nghèo đói và thiếu cơ hội

delinquency(n) /dɪˈlɪŋkwənsi/

→ juvenile delinquency (coll)

• The boys drift into minor delinquencies while hanging around the streets.

• Poverty and lack of education are major factors contributing to juvenile delinquency

bad or criminal behaviour, usually of young people

→ phạm tội vị thành niên

According to Merton, he identified five particular motivations for people to engage in shoplifting: financial gain, revenge (sự trả thù), a sense of power and entitlement(đặc quyền), a way to feel special, and a form of rebellion.(sự nổi loạn) /rɪˈbeljən/

5 motivations for people to engage in shoplifting

Control theory of Hirschi suggests that strong social bonds prevent people from violating social norms and rules. According to data from National Youth Survey: a strong family bond lowers the likelihood of substance abuse (drugs and alcohol) and criminal behaviors among the youth. And Bell (2009) reports that the weaker the attachment to parents is, the greater likelihood of gang membership males and females face.

Control theory of Hirschi - giữ người ta trong khuôn khổ, cách li khỏi xã hội xấu

according to "conflict theory”, the more inequality there is in a society, the greater them crime rate in that society. Some individuals who are angry and frustrated by their low position, express their rage and tension through crime such as drug use, violence and homicide and viewing laws as sth that are created by those in power to protect themselves and their interests

conflict theory - whenever 2 groups have different degrees of power in society, deviance is inevitable (kh thể tránh khỏi)

- vì sự không công bằng → gây ra mâu thuẫn → gây ra crime và coi luật như là thứ tạo ra để bảo vệ người tầng lớp cao hơn

the Labeling Theory is that When people officially described as ‘troublemakers’ or ‘criminals,’ they may internalize that label and act in ways that reinforce it. It can lead a person to being expelled from school or unable to get work.

Labeling Theory

according to “differential association theory” children who see their parents benefit from crime or who lives in high crime neighborhoods where success is associated with illegal behaviors are more likely engage in criminal activities

parents and children with crime

white collar criminals who violate our laws by manipulating stocks, giving bribes for business, creating pollution and so on

những tội phạm cổ trắng – những kẻ vi phạm pháp luật thông qua các hành vi như thao túng thị trường chứng khoáng, đưa hối lộ để phục vụ kinh doanh, gây ô nhiễm môi trường, v.v.

white collar crime holds a powerful position in our society and the money loss of their crime is greater than that of the street one. These offenders almost never go to jail because they have enough financial resources to hire the laywers to defend themselves, which creates a society lacking in solidarity between people from different classes, so we may have change our ideas about which criminals do the most damage in the society

white collar crime