Chapter 3 (humanities) Cue card (basic knowledge non-specific)

Where did the main voluntary settlers come from in the 18th century?

Europe

What are a few push factors which led to migration?

Wars, Industrial revolution (which caused unemployment, rising rent taxes and ahrd conditions)

What was assisted migration

Migration to australian colojnes compensated for by the british government

A difference between assisted and unassisted migrants?

Assisted migrants ahd no choice in their employment, typically being masons/carpenters, whereas unassisted migrants got to australia by their own means.

What economic cycles did the government assistance for migration follow?

During depressions, where unemployment and cost of living rose governments would nto encourgae migration and when possible governments would make migrants pay for land rather than giving it for free.

What did migrants eat on voyages to Australia?

Oatmeal, rice, meat stew.

What were some effects of the forced mingling between migrants?

It fostered a sense of camaraderie hwoever the lack of privacy could lead to tension.

Who was caroline chisholm?

A figure who offered shelter and support to immigrants.

what are some of caroline chisholm’s achievements

She appealed to governer gipps for assistance in establishing a girls’ home, she rented cottages for immigrants, located suitable employment for immigrants, fought for the rights of the poor

How did distance effect the culture in australia

Many migrants were british and retained their british ideologies, hwoever as more and more were born into australia they began to increasingly identify with australia ratehr than britan.

What major impact did the industrial revolution have on Britan?

It caused mass unemployment and displacement

How did the effects of the indutrial revolution play a role in the arrival of the first fleet?

Due to the mass unemployment and displacement britans had to turn to crime to survive, which caused an influx of prisoners who were sent on the first fleet.

What was britain’s response to growing crime?

To make punishments harsher.

How many crimes drew the death penalty in britain?

200

Why were public hangings not effective in britain?

They were seen as an entertainment, drawing a carnival-like atmosphere.

What are emancipists?

British convicts who had finished their sentence in the Australian colonies.

What broke down the class divisions in australia?

A previously strict hierarchy between soliders and convicts was disrupted when the convicts became empancipists, the arrival of settlers broke it down further.

What is egalitarianism?

A term used to define equality between all

How was the concept of egalitarianism born in Australia?

Through the goldfields.

What fields the gold rush hysteria?

The Victorian government, in an attempt to prevent mass exodus to NSW offered a reward for finding gold near Melbourne.

What caused a boom in Australian population?

A big increase in migration due to the gold rush.

Why were Chinese workers initially welcomed?

Chinese workers were often hired and underpaid.

Why did the Europeans dislike the Chinese in regards to the goldfields?

The chinese, whom competed with the europeans on the goldfields didnt go church on sundays and could work. Furthermore the chinese used opium.

What did the chinese aim for?

To return to China wealthy

What is an example of a discriminatory law the Vic gov made against teh chinese?

An additional tax imposed on chinese arriving in vic.

How did the government intervene between the chinese and european conflicts?

By establishing Chinese protectorates.

What did the chinese protectorates provide?

Seperate living areas, elected representatives, interpreters and legal rights.

What was the Hougomont?

The last convict ship to arrive in Australia,

What does the term blackbriding refer to?

The kidnapping and enslavement of Islanders. (it translates directly to ‘boats that steal people’)

Why did the Queensland Islanders suffer the highest death rate among any group of immigrants in AUstralia?

Due to the introduction of diseases they had no immunity to.

Where were the Islanders blackbirded from?

Vanuatu, Fiji and New Caledonia.

What is the Pacific Island Labourers Act.

It was an act which aimed to deport Islanders to achieve a ‘white australia’

How much Islanders chose to re-enlist for employment in Queensland?

1/4

What is the ‘squattocracy’?

A new class of wealthy ladnowners who occupied large areas of land for grazing.

What opposed squattocracy influence/power?

egalitarian ideas.

What were some transformations in the 1850s?

The rise of a free settler movement, goldminers farmers and urban workers demanding democratic reforms and an emerging national identity.

What did Australia offer that Birtain didnt?

A chance to be rid of inequalities between classes and gain the independence of farmers

What did Australia export at the beginning of their economy?

Animal skins. whale oil and whalebone.

What export material was worth the most?

Wool, with an approx 3x value compared to other exports. (additionally aus was making 2+ million kilograms of wool.)

What did colonial economy develop?

(Copy pasted from textbook im so tired sorry) Banking grew as squatters borrowed money to improve their flocks and their properties.

• Employment opportunities were created for shepherds, shearers, builders and labourers.

• Transport links were developed, and small towns emerged.

• Docks and warehouses were constructed.

• Wool-broking businesses were established.

What is the Eureka rebellion seen as?

A milestone in the struggle for democratic rights.

What did the Eureka conflicts represent?

A conflict over what society Australia should eb and the rights entitled to each indivudal.

What reforms did the Eureka rebellion bring about?

The abolishment of gold licences, accelerating the demand for democratic rights and major influence over political life in general.

What gave the impression that melbourne would be one of the great cities of the world?

Fashionable suburbs, extravagant buildings, public libraries a university and a museum, etc etc.

What were some pros of the gold rush?

More settlers, more workers, etc etc

What were some cons of the gold rush

An increase in migration which current settlements couldnt account for.

What is chartism?

A movement which aspired to improve living and working conditions through democratic reforms.

What were the key demands of the People’s Charter?

Universal male suffrage. secret ballot, no qualifications for members of parliament, payment for memebrs of parliament, equal constituencies, annual elections