O. Chem Functional Groups

Carbon based groups

alkane, alkene, alkyne, alkyl halide

Alkane

C & H ONLY; single bonds ONLY; least reactive; saturated hydrocarbon

Alkene

C & H ONLY; at least one double bond; unsaturated hydrocarbon

Alkyne

carbon-carbon triple bonds; unsaturated hydrocarbon

Alkyl halide

attached to a halide/one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane are replaced by halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I); sp3 hybridization

Oxygen based groups

alcohol & ether

alcohol

CHO, hydroxyl (OH), general formula ROH, where R is an alkyl group

ether

CO no H, O bonded to 2 Cs, R-O-R’ functional group (R and R’ represent the alkyl or aryl group)

thiol

R–SH ( sulfhydryl (–SH) group ) formula; sulfur based analogs of alcohols

sulfide

R–S–R’ formula; AKA disulfides; sulfur analogs of ethers

aromatic (or benzene ring)

ring; aromatic hydrocarbons

double-bonded oxygen group

ketone, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, acyl halide, anhydride, ester, amide, amine

ketone

C=O and two carbon atoms or hydrocarbon radicals (R); found in sugars,

Amine

nitrogen containing, analog to

amide

—C(O)NH formula; from amine; in ammonia, replacing H by an acyl group; N

aldehyde

carbonyl

C=O double bonded; defining of aldehydes, ketones, esters, anhydrides, acyl halides, amides;

carboxylic acid

arboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) attached to an R-group; more acidic than alcohol

Acyl halide

R-C(=O)-X and X = F, Cl, Br, I; carbonyl group bonded with halogen

Anhydride

R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R’; two acyl groups