Respiratory system anatomy

nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx

What parts of the respiratory system are shared between multiple body systems/part of the UPPER respiratory system? (3)

conducting airway

Part of the airway that GETS oxygen TO sites of gas exchange and does NOT participate in gas exchange

respiratory airway

Part of the airway that participates in gas exchange

filter, warm, moisten

The nasal hair and mucosa in the nose do these 3 things to make sure that the air does not cause damage to the lungs upon inspiration

Cartilage, smooth muscle, elastic fibers

Main components of airway wall: (3)

Cartilage

Structural component of the airway wall that supports the lumen and prevents collapsing

Smooth muscle

Structural component of the airway wall that changes the diameter of the airway

Elastic fibers

Structural component of the airway wall that allows for recoil of the lungs

Goblet cells, glands, cartilage

As we move down the respiratory tract, these components gradually decrease in relative abundance: (3)

Elastic, smooth muscle

As we move down the respiratory tract, these components gradually increase in relative abundance: (2)

Maintain, close airway

What are the two main functions of the larynx

Larynx

What part of the respiratory tract is highlighted in green?

Larynx

Which part of the respiratory tract are the vocal cords found in?

False vocal cords

What is denoted by #1?

True vocal cords

What is denoted by #2?

True vocal cords

Vocal folds that vibrate to produce sound; located in the larynx inferior to the false vocal cords

Attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages

Stratified squamous

The true vocal folds are lined with this kind of epithelium

Pseudostratified columnar, cuboidal

As we progress down the respiratory tract, the epithelium starts as _______________ and becomes __________

Cricoid cartilage, larynx

What forms the only complete ring around the airway? Where is it located?

Skeletal

What kind of muscle lines the larynx?

Smooth

What kind of muscle lines tha trachea?

Thyroid, arytenoid cartilage

What are the true vocal folds attached to? (2)

Cricothyroid membrane

What location is usually used for emergency airways?

Inferior

The cricothyroid membrane is located ______ to the vocal cords

Arytenoid cartilage

Cartilage on the posterior side of the cricoid; moves the vocal folds to allow for breathing or vibration

Breathing

Arytenoid cartilages pulling the vocal folds open allows for:

Talking, singing

Arytenoid cartilages pulling the vocal folds closed allows for:

short, tall

The cricoid cartilage is ________ in the front, ________ in the back

Thyroid cartilage

_________________ is superior to the cricoid cartilage in the larynx

Thyroid cartilage

The hyoid bone is superior to the _________ in the larynx

Cartilage

The epiglottis is made of:

Hyoid bone

Inferior to the epiglottis

Cricoid

What structure is highlighted here?

Arytenoids

What structure is highlighted here?

Thyroid cartilage

What structure is highlighted here?

Hyoid bone

What structure is highlighted here?

Epiglottis

What structure is highlighted here?

Epiglottis, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, arytenoids, cricoid

Name the structures in the larynx from top to bottom: (6)

Anterior, posterior tilting of thyroid

Muscles change pitch of our voices through _____________

Trachea

Starts just inferior to the larynx, contained in the neck and thorax and branches into 2 main bronchi

Carina

Cartilage at the split of the trachea into the two bronchi

Sternal angle

The carina is located at the:

C-shaped hyaline

Type of cartilage that is characteristic of the trachea:

Esophageal expansion

The smooth muscle in the posterior of the trachea allow for:

Carina

What structure is highlighted in green?

Superior, inferior

What are the lobes of the left lung called?

Superior, middle, inferior

What are the lobes of the right lung called?

Oblique

What kind of fissure divides the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung?

Oblique

What kind of fissure divides the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung?

Horizontal

What kind of fissure divides the superior and middle lobes of the right lung?

Lingula, cardiac notch, aortic arch imprint

Left lung is characterized by these three structures:

Lingula

What is highlighted here?

Cardiac notch

What is highlighted here?

Middle right

Which lobe cannot be seen from the posterior view of the lungs?

Left superior

Which lung lobe is in yellow?

Left inferior

Which lung lobe is in pink?

Right superior

Which lung lobe is in green?

Right inferior

Which lung lobe is in purple?

Hilum

Location in the lung where vessels, nerves, all other structures enter and exit an organ like the lung

Bronchus, pulmonary artery, two pulmonary veins, lymph nodes, bronchial arteries

What structures are contained within the hilum of the lung? (5)

Bronchial arteries

Travel alongside bronchi and supply oxygen and nutrients to the lung parenchyma; branches off of the descending aorta

Descending aorta, systemic

The bronchial arteries branch off of the __________ and are a part of the __________ circulation

Oxygenated, deoxygenated

The bronchial arteries carry ________ blood and the pulmonary arteries carry __________

Hilum

What is this overall structure called?

Right

What side of the lung is this hilum on?

Left

What side of the lung is this hilum on?

Lung

There is one primary bronchi per _____

lobe

There is one secondary bronchi per _____

bronchopulmonary segment

There is one tertiary bronchi per _____

Segmental

Tertiary bronchi are also called:

Lobar

Secondary bronchi are also called:

Bronchopulmonary segments

Independent anatomical and functional units of the lung; a segment can be removed without damaging adjacent segments

Intersegmental, intrasegmental

Pulmonary veins are _____________ while pulmonary arteries are __________ in relation to bronchopulmonary segments

Tertiary bronchus, segmental pulmonary artery branch

One of each of these are located in each bronchopulmonary segment: (2)

Cartilage, submucosa

Bronchioles lack these structures in their walls: (2)

Both

Bronchioles are part of the conducting or respiratory airway?

Elastic

Alveoli have this kind of tissue that allows for passive expiration

Enlarged, elastic tissue, exhalation

Emphysema is characterized by ______ alveoli due to loss of _________ —> difficulty with _______

Less

Larger alveoli in emphysema patients —> ________ surface area for gas exchange

Visceral, parietal, fibrous

The lungs have these two layers in their pleura _______ but NOT ________

Mesothelium

Type of epithelium in the visceral and parietal pleura

costal

What part of the parietal pleura is shown in blue

Cervical

What part of the parietal pleura is shown in GREEN

Mediastinal

What part of the parietal pleura is shown in yellow?

Diaphragmatic

What part of the pleura is shown in red?

Costadiaphragmatic recess

What does #1 indicate?

Costal, cervical, diaphragmatic, mediastinal

What are the parts of the parietal pleura? (4)

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Edges of the pleural sac where the lungs will NOT reach

Two layers, parietal

In the pleural/costodiaphragmatic recesses, __________ of the ________ pleura will be touching

Potential space

The costadiaphragmatic recess is a ___________

Thoracoabdomial diaphragm

Primary respiratory muscle

Blood oxygen levels

Unconscious breathing via thoracoabdominal diaphragm is controlled by:

Central tendon, skeletal muscle

The thoracoabdominal diaphragm is primarily comprised of: (2)

somatomotor, phrenic, hemidiaphragm

The thoracoabdominal diaphragm has _________ innervation from the _______ nerve - one for each __________

Cervical 3-5

Phrenic nerves originate from these spinal levels: