AP World History Unit 3 and 4

Encomienda

Spanish colonial system which gave Spanish settlers power over native people to require labor/gold and covert to Christianity. Turned into slavery.

Repartimiento

like Encomienda but slightly more control by Crown/Spanish officials.

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain

Creoles

Spaniards born in Americas. Rivalry with Peninsulares.

Mestizos

Mixed-race population.

Tupac Amaru Revolt

1780-1783 massive indigenous and mestizo uprising from forced labor and heavy taxation in Peru.

Middle Passage

Middle leg of Triangular Trade that forcibly transported 10-12.5 million enslaved Africans across Atlantic Ocean to Americas. Bad conditions.

Cowrie shells

Sea snail shells used for currency and trade through Afro-Eurasian in trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade routes.

Kingdom of Dahomey

Powerful centralized West African state in current Benin. Grew through state-building, trade, military.

Queen Nzinga

monarch of Mbundu kingdoms Ndongo and Matamba, local resistance to state power and proof of African agency against Europe.

British East India Company

Trading business in Britain that ruled parts of Indian subcontinent.

Dutch East India Company

Dutch trading business that monopolized spice trade.

Potosi, Bolivia

grew to be wealthiest industrial city in the world due to silver trade.

Soft gold

Animal pelts funded Russian Empire.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal

Qing Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty of China, ruled by Manchu.

Treaty of Nerchinsk

Treaty between Qing and Russia, establishing boundary diplomatically.

Janissaries

Elite corps of Ottoman Empire

Sati

Hindu custom where widow follows husband to death by throwing herself on funeral pyre.

Jizya

tax on non-Muslim subjects.

Devshirme

Balkan Christian communities required to hand young boys over to be Janissaries.

Safavid shi’ism

religion of Safavid empire, caused conflict with Ottoman, Sunni Muslims.

Shah Ismail I

founder and first Shah of the Safavid empire in 1501, ordered shi’ism as official religion of Safavids, different from Ottomans.