Era 2

virginia, mass, Maine, Georgia, permenant

English settlements

farmers

English population source

fur traders

french population source

missionaries

Spanish population source

Self-govern

english government

French king

French government

follow king, governors

Spanish government

non catholic

English religion

protestant, catholic clergy

French religion

catholic

spanish religion

farming, trading, fishing, tobacco

English economy

fur trading

French economy

trading

Spanish economy

friendly

english relationship with natives

alliances

French relationships with natives

subjugation

Spanish relationship with natives

Tobacco cultivation required immense fields and constant labor. Planters initially hired English indentured servants. Landowners later transitioned to permanent African slavery. Wealthy planters completely dominated local politics. Early demographics consisted mostly of single men.

Chesapeake region

focused on rice. They also grew lucrative indigo crops. Lowland swamps required specialized farming knowledge. Planters relied heavily on enslaved West Africans. Enslaved populations developed a distinct Gullah culture. Rigid social hierarchies strictly separated the classes.

Southern colonies

centered on sugar. Sugar production generated massive imperial wealth. Enslaved Africans formed the clear population majority. Colonial legislatures passed brutal slave codes. These laws heavily influenced mainland slave legalities.

British West Indies

Geographic isolation from imperial oversight inherently fosters local political autonomy and internal instability because distant authorities cannot effectively enforce laws or protect borders.

How distance from Britain causes democracy and unrest

generated massive imperial wealth, spread British consumer culture, and drastically expanded African chattel slaveryacross the colonies.

What and effects of the Atlantic economy

competition over scarce resources directly caused global wars, colonial proxy conflicts, and devastating trade blockades.

How resource competition and European rivalries lead to conflict

temporary explosion of the Spanish from New Mexico

Effects of the Pueblo Revolt

The shift from indentured servitude to slave labor

the development of race-based chattel slavery

sabotage, rebellions, and identity preservation

How Africans resist slavery

Navigation act

Why ties to Britain increase

rebellion against the navigation act and want to restrict goods to only British

British attempts at stricter governance and why they fail

allowing slaves, owning slaves, and labor need

How colonists participated in slavery