hp 1420 exam 1 actual flashcards

elastic cartilage

areas that need to stretch or change shape and then return to their shapes / examples: in the ear, tip of nostril, and epiglottis

hyaline

most abundant, reduces friction and compression, while allowing movement for growth

examples: articular ends of bones, larynx and pharynx, costal cartilage, and nasal (bridge of the nose)

fibrocartilage

reduce high degress of tension and compression while allowing growth/movement

examples: intervertebral discs, knee menisci, pubic symphysis, labum of shoulder

think that fibrous protects the body against shock and strong forces applied on this cartilage

osteon

single, cylindrical structural unit of compact bone

canaliculi

transportation ducts of nutrients and wastes

haversian canal

cavity runs parallel to length of bone, contains vasculature of osteocytes

vokmann’s canal

the cavity running perpendicular to the length of compact bone

lacuna

cavity or small depression that houses an osteocyte

osteocyte

mature bone cells, regulate calcium homeostasis

describe the process of intramembranous ossification

intramembranous ossification occurs in the embryonic skeleton using a cartilage model.

mesenchymal cells within the embryonic cartilage differentiate into capillaries and osteogenic cells. the osteogenic cells further differentiate into osteoblasts which build bone. these osteoblasts form ossification centers and release osteoid, which is unmineralized materila. osteoids release collagen, then calcium and phosphorus. once the osteoid area begins to harden, trabecular and periosteum bone layers are formed

endochondral ossification

this process begins in the embryonic skeleton as well in the cartilage model

mesencymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes in the center of long bones. chondrocytes grow in size into chondroblasts, while a membrane forms around this primary ossification center. it is called the perichondrium. capillaries penetrate the area and the perichondrium grows into the periosteum, the outer layer of longbones. this process occurs at a second ossification center after birth and produces the articular cartilage at the ends of long bones.

what are some similarities and differences between the vokmann and haversian canal?

both canals provide nutrients and support for the cell via nerve and blood vasculature

haversian canal runs parallel to the long bone while vokmann canal runs perpendicular and makes sure nutrients reach sides of the bones that the haversian canal doesn’t reach

important to not that only haversian canal only has lymphatic vessels

Interstitial Bone Growth Sequence of Events 

growth plate forms via endochondral ossification

mitosis increases the # of chondrocytes and increases the space between the epiphyseal and diaphysis

the growth plate facing away from the epiphysis hardens and bone has officially been lengthened

site: growth plate

Appositional Bone Growth Sequence of Events 

osteoblasts secrete osteoid and increase # of lamella and thickens the bone

width increases gradually as bone is built outwards

osteoclasts break donw bone and increase size of medullary cavity

this makes the bones thicker and stronger!

occurs throughout life

which zones of the growth plate are the areas where the bone growth occurs

proliferative zone where chondrocytes undergo mitosis

maturation hypertrophy: where chondrocytes grow in size

closed fracture

bone has not broken through the skin

open fracture

bone has broken through the skin

comminuted fracture

bone broken into tiny fragments

3-4 tiny fragments

greenstick fracture

partial fracture does not occur all the way through

bone bends without snapping

transverse fracture

a fracture that occurs across the bone

spiral

a fracture caused by a twisting or rotational force

impacted fracture

one part of the bone is driven into another section of the bone

oblique fracture

a fracture that occurs diagonally or at a slanted angle

stages of fracture repair

force is applied to bone damaging periosteum and blood vessels leading to hematoma formation

fibroblasts begin to deposit collagen, chondrocytes make cartilage, angiogenesis

soft callus becomes harder and osteoblasts build new bone tissue

bone remodeling osteoclasts clean up excess/damage of tissue and bone resembles original appearance

site of fracture becomes thicker

which hormone is activated when calcium levels are too high?

calcitonin is released

variable: overconsumption of calcium

sensor: kidneys read calcium levels

control center: signals thyroid to secrete calcitonin

effector: decreased osteoclast activity

which hormone is activated when calcium levels are low?

parathyroid hormone

variable: decrease in calcium

sensor: kidney reads calcium levels

control center: parathyroid release parathyroid hormone

effector: increased osteoclast activity

origin

the beginning point of a muscle

insertion

the ending point of a muscle

innervation

the nerve that powers a specific muscle

list the types of synovial joints

trochoidal, ginglymus, saddle, enarthroidal, condyloid, arthroidal plane

trochoidal

root word trochos means wheel, so think that the round part spins like a wheel within the ring-like structure

aka pivot joint

round portion of bone fits into ring-like structure of articulating bone

trochoidal associated movements

rotation

the bone is physically trapped in the ring and can only spin around, it can’t slide or move back and forth

ginglymus

hinge joint

ginglymos = actually just means hing

functions like a door hinge, if you look at the joint it has the parat that connects and holds the hinge, and it can only move back and forth

ginglymus associated movements

flexion and extension

this joint actually functions as a hinge and can only move back and forth like a door

saddle joint

aka sellar

both articulations have a saddle shape

sella = means saddle (like sella turcica)

fits like a rider sitting on a horse saddle

saddle associated movements

flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

the saddles are locked into each other so they only permit certain movements such as moving back and forth and increasing/decreasing the angle away or towards the body

enarthroidial

aka ball and socket

round portion of bone fits into deep concave structure of articulating bone

en = in and arthron = joint

enarthrodial associated movements

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation

there is nothing locking the articulation into place so it moves freely on all planes and can rotate on its central axis

condyloid

aka ellipsoid

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

round portion of bone fits into shallow concave structure of articulating bone

kondylos = knuckle (protuebrance) (kind of like a knuckle fitting into a knuckle shaped hole)

condyloid associated movements

flexion, extensions, abduction, and adduction

oval geometry of the cavity allows for the joint to move up and down and side to side but the articulation doesn’t squeeze into the cavity and does not fit

arthroidal

aka plane

relatively flat and small bones glide past one another

associated movement = sliding

acromelagy

a condition in which the body produces too much growth factor

bones become enlarged because of appositional growth

bones become really thick and symptoms include gaps in between teeth, enlarged ribs, jaw, and organs/tissues

changes can occur really slow

increase in IGF-1 as well

can also result in noncancerous tumors on the brain

body temperature decreases and thermoreceptors in the body sense this change. the skint alks to the brain and the hypothalamus stimulates the muscle to shake and shiver. what kind of feedback loop is this?

negative feedback loop

reverses changes within the body

a woman in labor is having contractions while the fetus is changing positions. skin skills have stretch sensors that detect the delivery of the fetus. this stimulates the pituitary gland in the brain to release oxytocin. oxytocin intensifies contractions to release the fetus. what kind of feedback loop is this?

positive feedback loop

continues conditions within the body

list and describe the components of a feedback loop

control center: sensor communicates with the control center to create an action plan and communicate with the body to respond to this change in variable

effector: the body’s response to the change in variable (ex: muscles shivering, or more of a hormone being released into the body, so the actual response)

variable: a change in the body that is altering homeostasis

sensor: reading body signals and identifying conditions that are out of range

synarthrosis

“sin” - without

immovable joints

amphiarthrosis

amphi = both

slightly moveable joints

diarthrosis

free movable joints

fibrous joints

formed by connective tissue

cartilaginous

formed by cartilage

synovial

joints that have a set of unique features

there are six unique characteristics of synovial joints

what are the six unique characteristics of synovial joints

cartilage

capsule

cavity

ligaments

synovial fluid

bursae

sutures

fibrous connective tissues

holds pieces of skull together

immovable joints so they can protect the skull

gomphosis

root of tooth fits into bony socket of mandible

periodontal ligament holds tooth in place

synarthrosis = immovable and no true range of motion

symphysis

articulating ends of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage can sit between them

slightly movable

they are heavy duty shock absorbers and prevent dislocation

example: pubic symphysis (moves slightly during childbirth)

synchondrosis

cartilage structures between ribs and the sternum

(syn = together, chondros = cartilage)

bones joined together by hyaline cartilage

accomodates bone growth and acts as a continous bridge between bone segments

examples: growth plates as well

syndesmosis

(syn = together)(desmos = band/ligament)

deep fibrous tissues that connect radius/ulna and tibia/fibula

aka interosseneus membranes

long bones

long and cylindrical shape

ex: phalanges, radius, ulna, metacarpals, tibula, fibula

flat bones

appear thin and flat but often curved

ex: skull bones, sternum, rib, and scapula

short bones

cube-like shape

equal size in length and width

sesamoid bones

small round bones

suspended within a tendon or ligament

examples

microscopic / gross anatomy

the study of structures that we can see with the visible eye

we do not need tools or devices to explore the structure

surface anatomy

the study or examination of the external features of a structure

example: investigating the exterior structure of the eye (iris/eyelashes)

regional anatomy

the study or examination of a region of the body

example: studying the upper or lower extremities

systemic anatomy

the study of the examination of different systems of the body

example: cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal system

microscopic anatomy

the study of structures that cannot be seen with the visible eye

we would prob need a microscope

cytology

the study of the internal structures of individual cells

histology

the study of the examination of collections of cells (tissues)

physiology

relates to the performance of organisms

referring to the way something functions

cell physiology

the study regarding the function of cells

systemic physiology

the study regarding the function of a system

pathological physiology

the study of how a disease functions in the body

how do we correct this disease as well

special physiology

the study regarding specific organs

example: studying just the heart, or the kidneys (cardiac or renal physiology)

anatomy

literally means to cut something open

study the structure of what we are cutting open

describe the anatomical position

how are the limbs positioned?

reference point for discussing points and comparing positions of body parts

standing in upright posture and facing forwards

feet are parallel and close together

palms facing forward

everything is described in the patient’s perspective

anterior

refers to the front of the body

caudal

another word for inferior

distal

refers to movement that are away from the center of the body or away from a point of origin

dorsal

another word for posterior

inferior

towards the feet or below something

lateral

body parts or segments that are closer towards or moving away from the body, and they are moving away from the midline

medial

body parts or segments that are closer to or moving towards the midline of the body

proximal

a movement or segment of the body that is moving closer towards the midline or a point of origin (i guess the top of the appendage)

superior

above or closer to the head

ventral

another word for anterior

cephalic

another word for superior

homeostasis defined

the dependency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

cervical flexion

tilting your head downward

increases the angle of given joint

cervical extension

tilting your head backwards

increases the angle of the joint

cervical lateral flexion

tilting head to the side

creating space away from the midline

cervical rotation

turning neck either to right or left of the body

directional qualifier will be added to this

wrist flexion

wrist bends downwards, bringing the palm closer to the forearm

wrist extension

bending the wrist backward, away from the forearm

ulnar deviation

stick palm out and turn hand to the side towards your pinky where the ulna is located

radial deviation

movement of the wrist towards the side towards the thumb where the radius is located

shoulder flexion vs shoulder extension

from a seated position, the arm is moving upwards parallel to the head

while extension focuses on arm stretching parallel to the body backwards

shoulder abduction vs shoulder adduction

abduction: shoulder is lifting at an angle increasing away from the body and up to the side of the head

adduction: should is moving downwards on the side of the body decreasing the angle between the arm and the torso

should external rotation vs shoulder internal rotation

arm is out to the side

shoulder external rotation is the arm moving up and backwards

shoulder internal rotation is the arm moving down and forwards

elbow extension vs elbow flexion

elbow folded inwards and going downwards to the side of the body is elbow extension

elbow flexion, the arm is bent fully up towards the torso as if you were showing your wedding ring to somebody

forearm supination vs forearm protonation

forearm supination is where the forearms are facing up as if they were holding a bowl of soup while forearm protonation is where forearms are facing down as if you dropped the soup on the floor