AP test terms part 2

syllogism

in this, a major premise is a general statement. The major premise is ALWAYS UNIVERSAL, and may be positive or negative. The minor premise may also be universal or particular so that from these premises it is possible to deduce a valid conclusion.

ex 1: ex 2:

• All men are mortal (major premise) -All cats speak French (major premise)

• Socrates is a man (minor premise) -My dog is cat (minor premise)

• Therefore, Socrates -Therefore, my dog speaks French

enthymeme

it is a partial syllogism. Its based on the probable rather than the positive premises and is based on implicit conjectures that are shared by the speak and the audience. The speaker gives a premise, or reason, and assumes that the audience will supply the missing knowledge in order to understand the conclusion, or claim given

ex 1: We shouldn’t elect Joe as a committee chair because he is too bossy…. We shouldn’t elect Joe as committee chair (conclusion, called claim) [because] Joe is too bossy (major premise, called reason)

aesthetic

a guiding principle in matters of artistic beauty and taste, artistic sensibility

allegory

a story or description that has a second meaning. This is portrayed by creating characters, setting, and/or events which represent (symbolize) abstract ideas

Example with the cave !!

alliteration

the repetition of the consonant sound at the beginning of successive words

allusion

a reference, explicit of implicit, to something in previous literature or history

ambiguous

a word, phrase, or sentence whose meaning can be interpreted in more than one way

analogy

an extended comparison between two things/instances/people that share some similarity to make a point

anaphora

repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or lines

antithesis

rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses or sentences