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Who developed the concept of the attention economy?

Herbert A. Simon.

What year did Herbert A. Simon write about the attention economy?

1971.

What is the attention economy?

Attention is limited, so media platforms compete to capture and retain it.

What is the engagement economy?

A system where platforms use likes, comments, shares and views to keep users engaged and generate revenue.

What is political economy of the media?

The study of how ownership, money and economic interests influence media.

Who said "The medium is the message"?

Marshall McLuhan.

What is gatekeeping?

The process of selecting and deciding which information reaches an audience.

Who developed the Propaganda Model?

Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky.

When was Manufacturing Consent published?

1988.

What are the five filters of the Propaganda Model?

Ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak and ideology.

Who developed the concept of the public sphere?

Jürgen Habermas.

What does Uses and Gratifications Theory suggest?

Audiences actively choose media to meet needs such as information, entertainment and identity.

What does Agenda-Setting Theory suggest?

Media influences which issues audiences think are important.

Who developed the Spiral of Silence theory?

Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann.

What is selective exposure?

Choosing information that supports existing beliefs and avoiding opposing viewpoints.

What is an echo chamber?

An environment where people repeatedly encounter similar opinions and beliefs.

What is a filter bubble?

A personalised information environment shaped by algorithms and user preferences.

Who popularised the term "filter bubble"?

Eli Pariser (2011).

How much content did Cinelli et al. analyse in 2021?

More than 100 million pieces of content.

Which platforms did Cinelli et al. study?

Facebook, Twitter, Reddit and Gab.

What did Cinelli et al. find about Facebook and Twitter?

Users tended to cluster with like-minded people, reinforcing echo chambers.

Who bought Twitter in October 2022?

Elon Musk.

How much did Elon Musk pay for Twitter?

Approximately US$44 billion.

What was Twitter renamed after Musk's takeover?

X.

Who investigated the increased visibility of Elon Musk's tweets in 2023?

Dr Timothy Graham, a digital media researcher at Queensland University of Technology.

What happened to Musk's hourly tweet impressions in February 2023?

They increased by 737% around the reported algorithm change.

What happened to Musk's daily tweet impressions after the reported change?

They nearly tripled.

Who was the Facebook whistleblower in 2021?

Frances Haugen.

What did Frances Haugen expose in 2021?

Internal Facebook documents showing concerns about the platform's effects and its decisions.

What year did Frances Haugen testify before the US Senate?

2021.

What is self-censorship?

Deliberately withholding an opinion because of fear of negative consequences.

Which researchers studied online harassment and self-censorship in Finland in 2023?

Researchers publishing the study Self-censorship among online harassment targets (2023).

Which professional groups were included in the 2023 Finnish study?

Academics, local politicians and media professionals.

Approximately what percentage of professionals targeted by online harassment reported self-censorship?

Approximately 18%.

Which organisation publishes the Digital News Report?

The Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford.

What did the Reuters Institute's 2026 Digital News Report find about social media news use?

54% used social media and video networks for news in the previous week.

What percentage used news organisations' own websites and apps in the 2026 report?

51%.

How many markets did the Reuters Institute's 2026 report cover?

48 markets.Who developed the Public Sphere theory?

What is Jürgen Habermas' Public Sphere theory?

A space where citizens can openly discuss issues and debate matters affecting society.

What is the ideal of Habermas' public sphere?

Open, rational and inclusive public discussion.

Who developed the Spiral of Silence theory?

Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann.

What is the Spiral of Silence?

People may hide their opinions when they fear social isolation for holding an unpopular view.

What is the Double Spiral of Silence effect?

An extension of the Spiral of Silence examining how social media can encourage both silence and expression.

How does the Double Spiral of Silence relate to social media?

Online platforms can amplify dominant opinions and discourage dissent, but can also give minority voices opportunities to speak.