Psych test

Correlation

Relationship between 2+ variables

Variable

A factor that can change

Positive correlation

when one variable increases/decreases so does the other

Negative correlation

One variable increases the other decreases

Zero correlation

No relationship between variables

Perfect correlation

one in which two variables are exactly related

Correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

-1 to +1 statistic

-1 relationship means perfect negative correlation

1 perfect positive correlation

Benefit of correlation

Allows researchers to study natural occurring variables without conducting an experiment (that could be unethical)

Drawbacks of correlation

Not strong enough proof that one variable affects the other

Correlation does not mean causation

chunking memory

cognitive strategy of clumping information to make it easier to remember

Sensory memory

capacity-limitless, the mind and hold alot of information

duration: this information only last for a second unless its rehearsed or has a meaning attached to it

what it the purpose of sensory memory

the mind holds a lot of raw unprocessed data so that the mind can decide what’s most important to remember.

working memory capacity and duration

capacity- 3-5 things at once (its information activity being processed)

duration- can be lost in seconds if the information is not being actively used or practiced into long term memory

what is the purpose of working memory

it provides a cognitive work space for information retention, and active manipulation of the info

phonological loop

working memory that brifley holds and process verbal or acoustic info. , it silently repeats the words on a loop to keep the sounds alive.

Visuospatial sketchpad

temporarily storing and manipulating visual patterns and spatial movements

central executive

main control to manage/divide attention and coordinate flow of information.

Connecting Subsystems: phonological loop (auditory data), —→visuospatial sketchpad (visual/spatial data), ——> episodic buffer

What parts of the WM system are engaged in different tasks that we do

central-controls atttention, makes decision, coordinates

Phonoloigcal loop-auditory/ verbal info

visosketch pad- visual mapping

episodic buffer-temporary backup store that holds a mix of all systems to make an episode

Long-term memory spread of activation

where thinking about one concept automatically triggers related ideas through connected pathways in long-term memory

Implicit memory

Information or physical skills that are unconscious used and easy to remember

example: knowing how to loop and tie lace to tie your shoes

Explicit memory

conscious and intentional recall of information, experiences, and concepts

ex:Recalling specific personal experiences and events tied to a particular time and place,

Episodic memory

long-term, explicit memory that involves recall the experiences what, where, and when of the event

ex: remembering first day of school

Semantic memory

long term memory used to recall general facts and events (not personal)

ex:Knowing that Paris is the capital of France, even if you have never visited.

how Elaboration helps memory

connecting new information with existing knowledge which makes it easier to store and retrieve the information.

Context-dependent memory

being able to remember information better when youre in the exact place or context where you first leaned them

Ex: Studying for a Test in the same classroom where an exam takes place makes it easier to recall answers because the sights, sounds, and layout match.

Reconstruction

psychological process where the brain puts together fragments of stored infromation, general knowledge, and expectation to rebuild past memories

EX: when witnesses is asked to describe an event they describe what they remember and automatically fill in gaps (details) theyre missing

memeory decay

slowly losing infromation

Proactive Interference

Old information blocks you from remembering new information.

ex:putting in your old password instead of the new one

Retroactive Interference

New information blocking you from remembering old information

EX:not being able to remember an old phone number after memorizing a new one

what are mnemonics

memory tools and techniques designed to help recall complicated/ new information

mnemonic acryonms

A single word formed by taking the first letters of a list of items you need to remember.

mnemonics method of loci

spatial technique where you mentally place items along a well-known physical route or inside a familiar building, then mentally "walk" through that path to retrieve the information.

What distributed practice/spacing is and why it is helpfu

a study strategy that breaks learning time into smaller, frequent sessions spread out over days, weeks, or months instead of cramming all at once