EX 390 Nutrition: Unit #2 Vocabulary

Vocabulary practice flashcards based on Unit #2 (Chapters 4-6) covering Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Metabolism, and Exercise Physiology.

Carbohydrate AMDR

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for carbohydrates, which is $45-65\%$ of total daily calories.

Monosaccharides

Single sugar units, which include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Lactose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose.

Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.

Maltose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and glucose.

Amylose

A specific type of plant starch.

Dietary Fiber

Indigestible plant food components classified as soluble or insoluble that support digestive health, blood cholesterol, and blood glucose control.

Glycemic Index (GI)

A system that ranks foods based on how quickly they raise blood glucose.

Glycogen

The storage form of carbohydrate in the human body.

Insulin

A hormone that helps move glucose from the blood into cells.

Glucagon

A hormone that helps raise blood glucose levels when they drop.

Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic process by which the body produces glucose internally from non-carbohydrate sources.

Glucose-Alanine Cycle

A metabolic pathway where amino acids are converted into glucose during fasting, low carbohydrate availability, or prolonged exercise.

Carbohydrate Loading

A strategy designed to maximize glycogen stores prior to prolonged endurance events.

Triglycerides

The main storage form of fat in the body, supplying nearly $98\%$ of the fat in the typical American diet.

Energy Density of Fat

The energy yield of fat, providing $9\text{ calories per gram}$, making it the most energy-dense macronutrient.

Cholesterol

A type of sterol found exclusively in animal-based foods.

Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCTs)

Triglycerides that are absorbed directly into the blood without first being converted into chylomicrons.

Ketones

Alternative fuel sources produced when fat breakdown is high and carbohydrate availability is low.

Amino Acids

The $20$ unique building blocks combined to form proteins essential for human health.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be provided through the diet.

Nonessential Amino Acids

Amino acids that can be manufactured internally by the body.

Complete Proteins

Protein sources, such as many animal proteins and soy, that contain all essential amino acids in adequate amounts.

Incomplete Proteins

Protein sources that are low in or missing one or more essential amino acids.

Complementary Proteins

Two or more incomplete protein sources that together supply all essential amino acids.

Protein AMDR

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for protein, set at $10-35\%$ of total daily calories.

Protein Energy Contribution

The portion of energy cost supplied by protein during the latter stages of prolonged endurance exercise, contributing up to about $15\%$ when glycogen stores are low.

Glycogen Sparing

An endurance training adaptation where the body uses less carbohydrate and relies more on fat at a given submaximal exercise intensity.

Atherosclerosis

The process of plaque buildup inside arterial walls that increases cardiovascular disease risk.

Foam Cells

Immune cells that have taken up oxidized LDL cholesterol within the inner wall of an artery.