Western Civilization 1 Exam 2

Dr. O'Brien

Latin Right

allowed to trade, move village to village, intermarriage w/other villages

Etruscans

come down Italian peninsula, swallow up villages, help build cities up, roads, drainage, development

Carthaginians

come from North Africa, start as sailors and traders (Phoenicia), become independent, later rival Rome

Tarquinius the Proud

Last Leader of Rome (also known as the cruel)

Lucretia (“The Rape of Lucretia”)

expulsion of the Etruscans: Most virtuous of wives, when Tarquinius try to seduce her she stays loyal. She commits suicide out of being disrespected because he assaults her. (Lucretia’s husband blames kingship)

Dictator

asked to lead by Senate and has absolute power

Plebeian assembly

12 tables of laws for protection, assemble and give Plebeian authority over Rome

Struggle of Orders

no royal protection of plebes so they withdraw and form a community outside of Rome

Patricians and Plebes

established families, commoners/everybody else

Women

Etruscans see them as partner rather than subordiate

Romulus

early roman myth of origin

kills twin brother Remus for stepping onto his territory

follows his word rather than emotion - Law is absolute

Cincinnatus

starts as farmer and becomes admirable figure

served as general

retired

asked to be dictator

defeats barbarians and liberates prisoners

Tribunes

two elected leaders like consuls in council of Plebes

1st Punic War

Plebeian counsel started this war - Carthaginian navy vs Roman army (Romans have advantage because of gangplank

Senate

Roman political council

consuls

highest elected political and military official of Roman Republic

Law of the 12 Tables

Roman law

gangplanks

helped board enemy ships to attack

Hannibal

carries Carthaginians in 2nd Punic War

“steadfast infantry”

allow them to defeat elephants so they would be tired out by the time they actually fought the ROmans

elephants

secret weapon to instill fear in the Romans, while horses distracted them

Fabius

new Roman general

Latifundia

salve women driving as the small family farms

Pietas

Deep, private Roman religion

Civic religion

focus shifts from private to public piety - glory

Social Wars

Roman republic and former Italian allies

Destruction of Carthage

at the end of the 3rd Punic War

Domus

private, upper class, single family house

Optimates

best men

populares

men of the people

Perseus’s procession

public three day parade to humiliate Perseus the Macedonian King

slave revolts

Servile wars over agricultural estates and Italian land

Tiberius Gracchus

older populare

slums getting worse

tribune in Plebeian assemble (closer to the people)

worried about land reform - voters

fewer people owned land

proposed a land commission

mob from Senate killed him

Caius Gracchus

picks up from brother Tiberius

lowers classes > granaries, investigations

extension of citizenship

mob kills him

*lesson for reformers: don’t reform, assassinations

Marius

general

humble origins

military success

consul

ended property requirement for military

client armies

client army

recruit who you want

Sulla

settles social wars

elected consul

expedition to Asia Minor

Marius denies Sulla opportunity to serve army

Sulla marches into Rome

officers refuse to follow

return and dictatorship

attack on Rome

Sulla marches into Rome because Marius denies him the opportunity to serve army

Marcus Crassus

wealthy optimate

Julius Caesar father in law

Crossing the Rubicon

Pompey jealously turns the Senate against Caesar

Caesar runs east plunging Rome into civil war

The Ides of March

Republican Senators led by Brutus and Cassius stab Caesar to death

Land reform

Tiberius proposed land commission

First Triumvirate

Army and the Senate: Pompey, Marcus Crassus, Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar

became consul and doesn’t like pompey

sent to Gaul with a loyal client army

Julian reforms

extended clemency - official forgiveness to opposers

enlarges Senate

populares: free grain, overseas colonies, land for army vets

Pompey

follower of Sulla

consul at early age

unrelenting and successful

“stop quoting laws at us, we carry swords”

commissions a lot of solider (x7 pay)

Gallic Commentaries

reports for popular audience, gaul people are courageous, Senate doesn’t have the same virtues

dictator for life

Caesar declares he is not a king

The Second Triumvirate

Octavian

Marc Antony

Lepidus

Princeps

“first citizen” of republic - Octavian/Augustus

Pontifex Maximus

divine Augustus

Tiberius

under Augustus

divorce and remarriage

stern and irascible

unhappiness - miserable

no son

Nero

emperor at 16

public festivals

relations with senate - seizes money

persecution of Christians

paranoid

executes mom, sister, wife, tutors, generals

military rebellion

“bread and circuses”

roman people have checked out, just need entertainment

Octavian

Caesar’s heir (also his great nephew and stepson)

Rome and West

changes name to Augustus

start of empire

sets up principate

-pax romana

-popular and military reforms (fire dept, police, smaller military, praetorian guard)

Augustus Caesar

formally Octavian

Pretorian Guard

an honored military leader who serves as a body guard for the emperor

Gaius Caligula

cruel and violent

appoints horse to senate to insult the senate

outrageous, bored/testing limits

killed by praetorian guard

hope to return to republic

“Year of the 4 Emperors”

invasion of Rome from 4 provincial generals (Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero)

quick scramble for power

civic apathy

Tacitus writer says emperors are like the weather

Marc Antony

Caesar’s bestie, comrade - East

Pax Romana

peace and stability

Aeneid

rebooting Romulus

loyal to friends

what’s added, what’s lost

uplifting Roman destiny

Claudius

bribed praetorian guard

wealthy

eliminated any rival

died

Vespasian

military general of Flavian dynasty

eastern view of rulers as divinity

captures city in a bloody fight

Pertinax

successor to Commodus

son of freed slaves

appointed emperor by praetorian guard

killed by praetorian guard (3mo)

Debasement

mixing other medals to make more silver coins

Sassanids

barbarian threats (Third Century Crisis)

empire revived Persion empire

pressure from East

capture emperor Valerian

West Germanic Revolution

barbarian threats (Third Century Crisis)

small clans, mostly farmers

new alliances among themselves, form super-tribes

(Franks, Alemanni, Goths)

Goths

germans, slavs, scythians

Neoplatonism

Egyptian slave Plotinus

Platonic thoughts

new teachings

-Emanations: soul is a higher form, matter is nasty substance

-Mysticism: impulse for reunion

-Asceticism: denying materialism, fasting to return to spirit

Antonines

the good emperors, tradition of succession, ended with Marcus Aurelius

Praetorian Guard

secret service honored military leader who protects the emperor, becomes the greatest threat to the emperor

Barracks emperors

did not receive power through succession but by taking power

“mystery cults”

Isis - goddess of water, ritual washing baptism

Mithras - god of eternal life

Dionysius - god of wine, dancing, music, resurrected after being killed

Marcus Aurelius

writes about stoics, appoints son as successor Commodus

Septimus Severus

clever

declining plunder

confiscates from Senators

enlarges army

military rule

tell sons to enrich the army an scorn the rest

bandits (lower class)

Bulla the Lucky, army of 600 men from northern Italy

Crucifixion

stripped of garments is the most humiliating thing for a jew

low of lows>slaves, Jesus

extremely degrading for the victim

(Book of) Revelation

concerning to the Romans who knew the world was ending > God has a plan

Ecclesiae

gathering of early Christians

Diocletian

tries to establish more stability in Rome, an overextended empire who splits Rome in 2 pieces

Tetrarchies

East and West governed by senior emperors needing to be divine

Battle of Milvian Bridge

vision of a symbol to put on shields to win, gives glory to Christian God for winning > allegiance to God

Chiliasts

fervent converts, immanent end of world coming any moment

Synoptic Gospels

Matthew, Mark (1st), Luke, John

Jewish roots

references to Jewish scripture - Isaiah etc

Social mission

earthly responsibilities for each other and the poor

Edict of Milan

ends persecution of Christians and often patronage to the rebuilding of the Church but does not make Christianity the main religion of Rome

dioceses

divided up for spreading news “territorial structure”

Book of John

most vivid and symbolic

Saul (Paul) of Tarsus

observant Jew, Roman citizen so he can move around freely

martyrdom

dying for the faith

Great Persecution

destruction of the people, Churches, scripture, everything (campaign goes on for centries)

Theodosius and St. Ambrose

emperor and major monk that pushed Nicene Christianity as the state religion

bishops

led dioceses

Christology

nature of Christ

Gnosticism

secret wisdom rather than faith

grace

for salvation and unmerited

Asceticism

denying materialism, make spirit stronger

St. Jerome

translates bible to latin “vulgate”