ch 13-16 midterm study gyude

what are some common causes of bone fractures

falls, sports injuries, trauma

what happens when excessive stress or strain is placed on a bone

fractures

what is the function of the periosteum

covers long bones except at joint surfaces

what are osteoblasts

bone forming cells

role of osteoblasts in bone growth and repair

lay done extra bone formation (callus) over the fracture site during immobilization period

difference between open and closed fracture

open: pierces/lacerates skin

closed: no penetration

comminuted fracture

broken in at least 2 places

greenstick fracture

cracks along one side without breaking into multiple pieces

spiral fracture

caused by twisting

transverse fracture

caused by bending

oblique fracture

caused by combined forces of axial compression, head, torsion

three stages of healing, and what happens

1. inflammatory - blood clots, hematoma

2. repairative- callus formation, hard callus

3. remodeling- reshape, wolfe’s law

what causes muscle soreness after exercise

overexertion in strenuous exercise

what is DOMS

delayed onset muscle soreness

when does DOMS usually occur

after trying a new activity

difference between strain and sprain

strain: muscle/tendon damage
sprain: ligament/joint capsule damage

how can strengthening the muscles around a joint help with a great 3 sprain

increased muscle tension → improve joint stability

what is tenosynovitis

inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath

signs and symptoms of tenosynovitis

pain, inflammation, discoloration, difficulty moving

what is tendinitis

inflammation of tendon

three basic treatments for tendinitis

RICE, pain meds, physical therapy

what is a trigger point

area of tenderness in a tight band of muscle

common sites of trigger points

neck, upper back, lower back

myositis ossificans definition and cause

calcium deposits that result from repeated trauma; when bone tissue forms in soft tissues or muscles

definition grade 3 muscle strain

complete rupture of a muscle that has occurred in the area of the muscle belly at the tendinous attachment in the bone

treatments necessary for severe muscle/tendon strain

surgical repair, length rehab

what is osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease; gradual breakdown loss of articular cartilage

how can changes in joint mechanics contribute to osteoathritis

alter weight distribution on specific areas → accelerated degeneration

factors that can change normal joint mechanics

acute injuries, structural abnormalities, muscle imbalance, chronic overuse, degenerative disease

what happens during inflammatory phase of healing

hemostasis, inflammation

what are phagocytic cells and role

specialized WBCs; phagocytosis (clean up mess)

what happens during repair phase

regenerative activity leading to scar formation and repair of injured tissue (fibroblastic)

what happens during remodeling phase

realignment of scare tissue

role of scar tissue during healing process

collagen - scar tissue shrinks and tightens as it forms

dislocation vs. subluxation

total displacement of bone from normal alignment vs. partial dislocation

function of extensor hallucis longus

extends big toe; dorsiflexion

effects of fallen longitudinal arch

overpronation, foot pain, improper alighment

pes planus vs. pes cavus

flat feet vs. high arches

morton’s toe

first metatarsal is abnormally short

how can foot arch problems contribute to bunions

flat feet → uneven distribution → bunion

what is a bunion

bony bump (hallux valgus) on base of big toe; great toe becomes maligned

what is morton’s neuroma; common occur and symptoms

enlargment of nerve, 3rd-4th metatarsal heads; burning sensation/numbness in ball of foot, sharp stinging pain

what is metatarsalgia

pain in bottom of foot and inflammation

causes of metatarsalgia

high impact activities, i’ll fitting footwear, foot deformities

what is plantar fasciitis

inflammation of plantar fascia

what is retrocalcaneal bursitis (pump bump); where is pain associated usually located

inflammation of retrocalcaneal bursal; back of the heel

how can activity on hard surfaces affect foot health

can place added stress on the heel and arch

what is turf toe; movement cause; treatment

hyperextension injury resulting in sprain of the great toe (repetitive overuse/trauma); taping, increase rigidity of shoe forefoot region

blister treatment

adhesive bandage, doughnut pad, reduce friction

cause and treatment of ingrown toenail

leading side edge of nail grows into the nearby soft tissue; prevented by trimming nails correctly and appropriate shoewear, surgery

what is a callus, why should it not be completely removed

thick, hardened layers of skin; bleeding and infection, also it’s protection

what is soft corn, commonly occur where; what type of pad to protect

result from combination of wearing narrow shoes and excessive foot perspiration; fourth and fifth toe; gel/foam

hard corns

associated with hammer toes, soak feet in warm soapy water

what is subungual hematoma; cause

bleeding under the toenail; stepping, dropping an object, kicking another object on toe

what does anterior drawer test assess

extent of injury to anterior talofibular ligament primarily and other lateral ligaments secondarily

what does talar tilt test assess

determines extent of inversion or eversion injuries

types of activities might be included in functional testing

walk on toes/heels, hop on affected foot without heel touching surface, start/stop running motion, change direction rapidly, run figure eights

common signs and symptoms of an Achilles tendon injury

generalized pain and stiffness

what movement may be difficult/impossible after an Achilles rupture

walking, running, standing on your toes

what is compartment syndrome

buildup of pressure around muscles

why is acute compartment syndrome an emergency

happens after severe injuries

primary treatment for severe/acute compartment syndrome

surgical repair

what is fasciotomy

surgical procedure to cut through fascia (connective tissue that encloses muscles), relieves pressure in the muscle compartment

what should NOT be used for acute compartment syndrome

limb elevation

regular ankle sprain vs. high ankle sprain

damages lateral ligaments on outside of ankle (inverse) vs damage of ligaments connecting shin bones above ankle joint (reverse)

acute muscle soreness vs doms

during/immediately after workout vs. long time after