R2

Lac Operon

An inducible operon that regulates the metabolism of allolactose, turning on when lactose is present.

Trp Operon

A repressible operon that regulates the synthesis of tryptophan, turning off when tryptophan binds to the repressor.

Mitosis

Cell division process involving prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Meiosis

Cell division process involving prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, and telophase 2.

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction technique involving denaturation, annealing, and extension steps for DNA amplification.

Restriction Enzyme

Protein that cleaves DNA at specific sequences, producing fragments with known ends.

Repressible Enzyme

Regulates anabolic pathways, production decreases with abundant end product.

Inducible Enzyme

Regulates catabolic pathways, production increases with substrate presence.

Adaptation

Involves genetic changes over generations through natural selection or mutations.

Acclimation

Involves reversible physiological changes within an individual's lifetime.

Cyclin-Cdk Cycle

Cell cycle regulation involving cyclin synthesis, MPF formation, activity, inactivity, and degradation.

Gene Drive

Technique promoting preferential inheritance of specific alleles in populations.

Co-dominance

Both alleles expressed, facilitating allelic frequency tracking in populations.

CRISPR/Cas9

Genetic editing tool used to create gene drives by introducing specific modifications.

Physical Distance vs

Actual DNA length vs. frequency of crossing-over events.

Consequences of SNPs

Impact on gene expression, splicing, amino acids, and regulatory elements.

p53

Tumor suppressor gene regulating cell growth; Proto-oncogenes:Genes promoting cancer when mutated.

Polivirus

Single-stranded RNA virus with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; Retrovirus:Single-stranded RNA virus with reverse transcriptase.

Exon Shuffling

Recombines exons between genes; Alternative Splicing:Combines exons within a gene.

Gene Transfer Mechanisms

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction for genetic material transfer.

Gibbs Free Energy

Energy available for work in a biochemical reaction.

Catabolism vs

Breakdown of complex molecules vs. synthesis of complex molecules, releasing vs. requiring energy.

Transposons vs

DNA sequences moving by 'copy-and-paste' vs. RNA sequences reverse-transcribed into DNA.

Ribosome Synthesis

Eukaryotes in nucleolus, exported; Prokaryotes in cytoplasm, free-floating.

Protein Synthesis

Eukaryotes in nucleus, ER, Golgi; Prokaryotes in cytoplasm, no mRNA processing.