Bulk + Cell Communication & Carbohydrate Digestion Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards reviewing cellular signaling modalities and carbohydrate structures, enzymes, and transport mechanisms for medical review.

Autocrine signaling

A cellular signaling pathway in which a cell releases a signal that acts directly on the same cell.

Paracrine signaling

A local signaling mechanism where a signal acts on nearby target cells, such as nitric oxide or cytokines.

Endocrine signaling

A long-distance signaling method where hormones enter the bloodstream to act on distant target cells.

Synaptic signaling

A signaling mechanism where a neuron releases a neurotransmitter across a synapse to a nearby target cell.

Juxtacrine signaling

A form of communication between adjacent cells achieved through direct membrane contact.

Gap junction

A channel directly connecting the cytoplasm of neighboring cells that allows ions and small molecules to pass through.

Intracrine signaling

A signal that acts within the specific cell that produces it.

Monosaccharide

A single sugar unit that cannot be hydrolyzed into a simpler carbohydrate.

Glucose

A key monosaccharide serving as a major cellular fuel, particularly essential for brain and red blood cell metabolism.

Galactose

A monosaccharide derived from lactose that enters glucose-related metabolic pathways.

Fructose

A monosaccharide found naturally in fruit, honey, and sucrose.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed by two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond.

Sucrose

A major dietary disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.

Lactose

A major dietary disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose.

Maltose

A major dietary disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules.

Trehalose

A disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked by an $\alpha,\alpha\text{-1,1}$ bond.

Sucrase

A brush-border enzyme that digests sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Lactase

A brush-border enzyme that digests lactose into glucose and galactose.

Maltase

A brush-border enzyme that digests maltose into two glucose molecules.

Trehalase

A brush-border enzyme that digests trehalose into two glucose molecules.

Salivary amylase

An enzyme that initiates the digestion of starch into smaller carbohydrates like maltose and oligosaccharides.

Pancreatic amylase

An enzyme that digests starch and related $\alpha\text{-1,4}$ linked carbohydrates in the small intestine.

Isomaltase

An enzyme that cleaves $\alpha\text{-1,6}$ linked bonds in limit dextrins to aid in the release of glucose.

SGLT1

A sodium-dependent cotransporter on the small-intestinal brush border that absorbs glucose and galactose.

GLUT5

A transporter on the intestinal apical membrane responsible for absorbing fructose.

Essential Amino Acids

HILK MFT WV (Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methodically, Phylelalaline finepine, Proline, Tryptophan, Valine)

Formula of Monosaccharide/Glucose

C6H12O6

Polysaccharide forms ingested from diet

Meat = Direct Glycogen

Plants = Cellulose and Starch

Also your body can make glycogen from glucose (whether straight glucose or GF converted to glucose)

Note: Glycogen is a Polysaccharide

Primary example of Saturated Fatty Acid, Mono and Poly:

Palmitic Acid

Oleic Acid

Linoleic Acid

Can Fatty Acids be stored?

No, so convert them to trigs

Pnemonic for enzyme regulation

ACE

Allosteric = the conditions/triggers that lower or inhibit enzymes eg the non competetive inhibitors

C=Covalent, phosphates and methyl groups that activate or inactivate enzymes

E = Enzyme itself ie the pro-enzymes and zymogens that need cleaving first to be activated (eg pepsinogen into pepsin via HCl)

Pnemonic for types of Catalysis

CASPE

Covalency via forming Covalent bonds and holding the substrate's electrons in place

Acid/Base via moving hydrogen around

SP = Space or Physical via physically moving the substrate to a better posotion

E = electrostatic via a Metal

Pnemonic for Types of Enzymes

HOLLIT

Hydroxylase eg Lipase Pepsin Amylase

Oxidoreductase (either oxidase or dehydrogenase are good examples)

Lyase eg Synthase

Ligase eg Synthetase

Isomerase

Transferase eg methyl or phosphate group

Atoms that make 99% of the Human Body

PONCCH

Phosphate, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Calcium, Hydrogen

3 Fluid compartments of the body, how much of the body is Water, and percent between the three compartments?

Plasma inside the blood vessels, ICF in the cells, Interstitial between the cells and blood vessels

60% of the human body is water

2/3 of the body fluid is ICF, 1/3 is the ECF. 75% of thee ECF is interstitial, 25% is the plasma.%

When you drink water, which compartments does the water go first?

First plasma, then Interstitial, then ICF, then interstitial then plasma to be urinated

Osmolality of everything in the fluid

0.3 = very stable and not that chaotic

Functions of the Glycocalyx

Cell to cell communication, immune function, acting as receptors

Roles of the ECM

Regulates 1. Cell dynamic behaviour 2. Intercellular Communciation

Provide Chemocal and Structural support

separates/segregates tissues from one other

PNEMONIC for present things in the ECM

HELP For C

Hyaluronic Acid

Elastin

Laminin

Proteoglycans

Fibronectin
Collagen

Pnemonic for HIGH bioavailable Minerals

C FINK Chloride fluoride iodine Sodium potassium

Pnemonic for low bioavailable minerals:

MIFEC Z

Most common radical?

Lipiperoxiradical

Two pro-collagens that are Hydroxylateed by vitamin C to become collagen for connective tissue

Proline and Lysine

Anti oxidants that AREN'T Vit C, E and Mineral Selenium

Alpha lipoic acid, cocutene, beta carotenes

5 Steps of Signal Transduction

1. Ligand release afterr stimulus

2. Ligand binds to receptor making ligand receptor complex

3. Receptor causes creation of secondary messenger

4. Secondary messenger makes effector do its thing

5. effector terminates the process

Categories of Cell to Cell Communication

1. Direct cell to cell contact

2. Autocrine

3. Paracrine aka Local between nearby cells

4. Endocrine aka far away eg the Pituitary and signals that are receptor-specific

5. Neural ie between neurons, the neural junction and neurotransmitters