ana/phy exam 2

epiphyseal plate

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that allows for growth of a bone

compact bone

osteons

spongy bone

trabeculae

cancaliculi

small passageways in the bone

blood cell formation in…

red bone marrow - red, white, and platelets

hydroxyapatite

most salt is crystals of this

ossification

forming new bones w/ osteoblasts

bones start as what in the womb

cartilage

development of endochondral long bone

begins as hyaline cartilage model

primary ossification center: area in center of diaphysis where bone tissue first replaces cartilage

replacement with bone tissue proceeds towards ends of bone

osteoblasts from periosteum deposit compact bone around its primary center

secondary ossification centers: area of epiphyses where spongy bone forms later in development

epiphyseal plate: band of cartilage that persists between ossification centers

bones stop growing at what age

25

bone resoption

removal of bone by osteoclasts

bone deposition

formation of bone by osteoblasts

vit. D

calcium absorption; deficiency causes rickets

vit. A

osteoblast and osteoclast activity; deficiency retards bone develpment

vit. C

collagen synthesis; deficiency results in slender, fragile bones

thyroid hormone

causes replacement of cartilage with bone in epiphyseal plate, osteoblast activity

parathyroid hormone

stimulates osteoclasts, bone breakdown

sex hormones

promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates

simple fracture

has not come thru skin

compound

bone has come out of skin

steps in fracture repair

hematoma: blood clot forms

cartilaginous callus: fibrocartilage is produced, osteoblasts invade and produce spongy bone, phagocytes remove debris

bony callus: fibrocartilage is replaced by bone, forming the bony callus

remodeling: bone is restored close to original shape as osteoclasts remove excess bone

fontanels in baby

30

vertebrae sections

pubic symphesis

joint is also called

articulation

bursa

in between ligaments filled w/ synovial fluid

extra fibrous joints on a baby’s head

cranial sutures

What are the different ridges and nooks on bones for?

different muscles to be attached

Axial skeleton

skull and main area of body

appendicular skeleton

limbs

long bones + examples

a bone that is longer than it is wide; humerus and femur

short bones + examples

= in length and width (cube-shaped); wrist bones

flat bones + examples

plate-like w/ broad surfaces; in the skull

irregular bones + examples

don’t fit other categories; vertebrae

structure of long bone: epiphysis

expanded end

structure of long bone: diaphysis

bone shaft

structure of long bone: articular cartilage

covers epiphysis (protects from bones rubbing)

structure of long bone: periosteum

sheet of protective covering

structure of long bone: medullary cavity

hollow chamber in shaft and contains marrow

structure of long bone: endosteum

lines inner surfaces

structural unit of compact bone +flexible or solid?

osteons+ strong and solid

spongy bone structural unit and flexible or solid?

somewhat flexible

what are osteocytes?

mature bone cells

what do osteocytes start as?

osteoblasts

canaliculi

chambers connecting osteocytes

where are mature bone cells housed?

lacunae (little lake)

what is extracellular matrix made of?

collagen fibers and inorganic salts

Major functions of bones (6)

shape to body

support structures

protect structures

aid body movements

produce blood

store inorganic salts

blood cells formation called what + occurs where

hematopoiesis + in red bone marrow

bone matrix is 70% what

inorganic mineral salts

loss of bone mineralization

osteoporosis

parathyroid hormone

regulates calcium level in blood

what activates osteoblasts?

calcitonin

process of enochondral ossification

begin as hyaline cartilage models

chondrocytes enlarge and lacunae grow

matrix breaks down, chondrocytes die

function of joints (5)

functional connections between bones

bind parts of skeletal system together

make bone growth possible

permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during birth

enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions

fibrous

held together by dense connective tissue containing many collagen fibers, found in bones in close contact

cartilaginous

held together by fibro/cartilage

synovial

have a complex structure

synarthrotic

immovable

amphiarthrotic

slightly moveable

diarthrotic

freely moveable

syndesmosis (type of fibrous)

bound by sheet of dense connective tissue or bundle, amphiarthrotic, between tibia and fibula

suture (type of fibrous)

thin layer of connective tissue, connects bones, synarthrotic, between flat bones of skull

gomphosis (type of fibrous)

cone-shaped bony process in a socket, synarthrotic, root of tooth

synchondrosis (type of cartilaginous)

bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones, synarthrotic, between manubrium and the first rib

symphysis (type of cartilaginous)

pad of fibrocartilage between bones, articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage, amphiarthrotic, pubic symphysis

s.j. articular cartilage

ends of bone, cushion and glide

s.j. joint capsule

tough, covers joint, reinforced w/ ligaments

s.j. ligaments

connect bone to bone

s.j. synovial membrane

inside the joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid “lubricant”

s.j. synovial cavity

fluid filled space between bones

s.j. meniscus (in some joints)

cartilage pads, shock absorbers; found in knees

s.j. bursa (in some joints)

help tendons glide over joints

ball and socket joint

round head in cup shaped cavity, widest range of motion; hip and shoulder

condylar joint

oval condyle fits into elliptical cavity, back+forth + sidetoside movements; between metacarpals and phalanges

plane joint

flat/slightly curved, wrist + ankle

hinge joint

convex surface fits into concave surface of other bone; elbow

pivot joint

cylindrical surface rotates within ring of other bone, rotation only; neck and forearm

saddle joint

both bones have concave and convex surfaces; meta/carpal of thumb

lateral flexion

bending to the side

dorsiflexion

plantar flexion

circumduction

rotation

medial rotation

lateral rotation

supination

pronation

inversion

eversion

protraction

retraction

knee joint consists of what bones?

femur, tibia, patella

dislocation

displacement of articulating surfaces; shoulder, knee, fingers

sprain

tearing of connective tissue in joint, without bone dislocation

torn ligament

result from twist, overextension, lifting heavy, or fall

gout

type of inflammatory arthritis caused by uric acid crystalizing in joints

fascia

thin covering of connective tissue around a muscle

tendon

cord-like mass of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

aponeurosis

sheet-like mass of connective tissue that connects a muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle