psych u7

Self-Determination Theory

Choosing your own goals and feeling capable.

Intrinsic motivation

Reading because you enjoy it.

Extrinsic motivation

Doing something for an outside reward.

Incentive Theory

Behavior is motivated by rewards.

Instincts/Evolutionary Theory

Behaviors are influenced by inherited instincts.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Behavior reduces biological needs.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal balance.

Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)

People seek an ideal level of excitement; too little or too much can hurt performance.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Needs must generally be met from basic to higher-level needs.

Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory

Motivation involves competing goals. Wanting to study but wanting to hang out.

Hypothalamus

Brain area that controls hunger, thirst, and body temperature.

Lateral hypothalamus

Brain area that stimulates hunger.

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Brain area that helps signal fullness.

Leptin

Hormone that signals fullness.

Ghrelin

Hormone that signals hunger.

Pituitary gland

Gland that releases hormones and controls other glands.

Set point

Body's natural tendency to maintain a certain weight range.

Cognitive appraisal

Interpreting a situation to decide how you feel. ex , Deciding a test is stressful.

Cognitive label

Naming the emotion based on the situation and arousal., ex "I'm nervous because I'm scared."

Display rules

Social rules for showing emotions.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial expressions can influence emotions.

Display rules

Social rules for showing emotions.

Elicitors

Things that cause emotions.

Broaden and Build Theory of Emotion

Positive emotions expand thinking and build skills.

Stress

Response to challenging situations.

Hypertension

High blood pressure.

Stressors/triggers

Things that cause stress.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS = ARE)

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion. (bodys response to stress)

Alarm/Resistance/Exhaustion

Three stages of stress response.

Health Psychology

Studies how behavior affects health. ex :Studying how stress affects sleep.

Immune suppression

Weakened immune system.

Distress

Negative or harmful stress.

Eustress (motivating)

Positive, motivating stress.

Fight-Flight-Freeze Response

Body's reaction to danger.

Tend and Befriend Theory

Seeking support and caring for others during stress.

Problem focused coping

Fixing the cause of stress. ex: studying to improve a grade

Emotion focused coping

Managing feelings caused by stress. ex:drawing to relax

Free association

Saying whatever comes to mind.

Unconscious mind

Thoughts and feelings outside awareness.

Preconscious mind

Information you can easily remember.

Conscious mind

What you're aware of right now.

Id

Seeks immediate pleasure.

Ego

Balances desires with reality.

Superego

Feeling guilty about cheating.

Defense mechanisms

Unconscious ways to protect yourself from anxiety. eX; MAKING EXCUSES

Repression

Blocking upsetting memories unconsciously.

Reaction formation

Acting opposite to your true feelings.

Projection

Blaming others for your own feelings.

Rationalization

Making excuses for behavior.

Displacement

Taking feelings out on someone else.

Sublimation

Turning unwanted feelings into acceptable behavior.

Collective unconscious

Shared memories and ideas inherited by humans.

False consensus effect

Thinking others agree with you more than they do.

Projective tests

Personality tests using unclear images or situations.

TAT test

Telling stories about pictures.

Rorschach inkblot test

Interpreting inkblots to study personality.

Humanistic psychology

Focuses on personal growth and potential.

Unconditional positive regard

Accepting someone without judgment.

Self-actualizing tendency

Drive to reach your full potential.

Positive self concept

Having a healthy view of yourself.

Negative self concept

Having a poor view of yourself.

Trait/Trait Theory

Personality is made of stable characteristics.

Barnum Effect

Believing vague descriptions are personal.

Factor Analysis

Finds related traits by grouping them.

Personality inventory

Questionnaire measuring personality traits.

Big Five Factors of Personality

Five major personality traits (OCEAN).

Openness

Being curious and creative.

Conscientiousness

Being organized and responsible.

Experience seeking

Wanting new ideas and experiences.

Thrill/adventure seeking

Wanting exciting physical experiences.

Disinhibition

Seeking excitement through social activities.

Boredom susceptibility

Disliking repetitive activities.

Social cognitive theory

Personality is shaped by thoughts, behavior, and environment.

Reciprocal determinism

Person, behavior, and environment affect each other.

External locus of control

Believing outside forces control outcomes. ex: luck

Internal locus of control

Believing your actions control outcomes.

Self-efficacy

Belief in your ability to succeed.

Self-serving bias

Taking credit for success but blaming outside factors for failure.

Learned helplessness

Giving up after repeated failures.

Individualism

Choosing your own path.

Collectivism

Prioritizing group goals and cooperation.