Exam 3: Respiratory, Urinary, and acid-base

define respiration

exchange of gases between the atmosphere, the blood and the body cells

what are the 4 processes that are collectively known as respiration

• pulmonary ventilation

• external respiration

• transport of respiratory gases

• internal respiration

define pulmonary ventilation

• breathing

• movement of air into and out of the lungs

define external respiration

O2 and CO2 exchange between the air in the lungs and the pulmonary blood

define internal internal respiration

O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood and tissue cells

what are the major organs of the respiratory system

• nose and nasal cavity

• pharynx

• larynx

• trachea

• Bronchi and their branches

• lungs and alveoli

define what occurs at in the respiratory zone

actual site of gas exchange

what are the microscopic structures involved with the respiratory zone

• respiratory bronchioles

• Alveolar ducts

• alveoli

define the conducting zone

conduits for air to reach gas exchange sites; also cleanse, warm, and moisten incoming air

what structures does the conducting zone include

passageways from nose to respiratory bronchioles

what are the functions of the nose and nasal cavity

• Provides an airway for respiration

• Filters and cleans incoming air

• Moistens and warms incoming air; this is also due to a lot of capillaries in the nasal acvity

• Serves as a resonating chamber for speech

• Houses olfactory receptors

how does the nasal conchae have an effect on air movement

it has a large surface area, which allows the air to slow down to become warm and moist

define vibrissae

• nose hairs

• Filters coarse particles from inspired air

describe the respiratory mucosa (tissues and the function of the mucous lining the nasal cavity)

• pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/goblet cells

• secretes mucous

• The mucus and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins, which help filter/cleanse air

• Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to the throat

what is occurring when you have a runny nose

the cilia become sluggish the mucous moves forward

during inhalation what does the nasal conchae allow

filter, heat, and moisten air

during exhalation what does the nasal conchae allow

reclaim heat and moisture

describe the pharynx, what it connects to

• muscular tube

• connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly

what is the tissue lining the nasopharynx

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

what is the main function of the uvula

swings up and closes the nasopharynx during swallowing

what is the tissue lining of the oropharynx

stratified squamous epithelium

what is the tissue lining of the laryngopharynx

stratified squamous epithelium

what are the functions of the larynx

• provides a potent (open) airway

• routes air and food into proper channels

• voice production

how many cartilages is the larynx composed of

9

what are some of the main cartilages that compose the larynx

• hyaline cartilage

• thyroid cartilage

• ring-shaped cricoid cartilage

• small paired arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages

what is the epiglottis made of, cartilage wise

elastic cartilage

how do true vocal cords make noise

they vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs

what is the function of the false vocal cords

• no part in sound production

• help to close the glottis during swallowing

what are the walls of the trachea

• mucosa

• submucosa

• hyaline cartilage

• Adventita

describe smokers cough

chemicals from cigarettes damage cili inhibiting the movement of cilia. They cough to prevent mucous entering the lungs

what is the main function of the c-shaped rings of cartilage for the trachea

reinforce trachea; prevent it from collapsing during pressure changes of breathing

what does the incomplete rings of the trachea allow for the esophagus

allows the esophagus to bulge anteriorly when swallowed food goes down it

what does the trachealis muscle do

contracts during coughing

what is the branching patter of the bronchi called

bronchial (respiratory) tree

how main lobar bronchi on the right and left side of the lung

• 3 on the right (supplies per lobe)

• 2 on the left (supplies per lobe)

what is the smallest form of bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

what is the order of the bronchial tree

• primary bronchi

• secondary bronchi i

• tertiary bronchi

• bronchioles

• terminal bronchioles

• respiratory bronchioles

• alveolar ducts and sacs

• Alveoli

what makes up the respiratory membrane

• alveolar walls

• pulmonary capillary walls

which of the four respiratory processes occurs across the respiratory membrane

external respiration

how are gases exchanged

the gases between the air in the alveoli and pulmonary blood takes place by diffusion across the respiratory membrane

what are the walls of alveoli and pulmonary capillaries composed of

simple squamous epithelium

what are the type I cells of the alveoli

simple squamous epithelium

what are the types II cells of the alveoli

secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

what are some features of alveoli

• Surrounded by fine elastic fibers

• contain pores

  • allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized; provide alternate air routes

• house macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile

describe the base of the lungs

inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

describe the root of the lungs

site of vascular and bronchial attachments

describe the hilum of the lungs

• indentation on medial surface

• site for entry/exit of blood vessels, main bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

what lung has the cardiac notch

left lung

describe the parietal pleura

lines thoracic cavity wall and superior surface of diaphragm

describe the visceral pleura

covers external lung surface

what does the pleural fluid allow

• Reduces friction during breathing

• Provides tension so layers do not separate

why is the parietal and visceral pleura important to breathing

it keeps the lungs inflated and allows them to expand

what do the bronchial arteries supply blood to

the lung tissue, not the alveoli because they have capillaries

what are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation

inspiration and expiration

define atmospheric pressure

pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body

define intrapulmonary pressure

pressure in the alveoli

does the the Patm and Ppul equalize at some point

yes, but it’s a very short time frame

describe intrapleural pressure

pressure in the pleural cavity

is the intrapleural pressure negative or positive

always negative

how does the negative Pip work for breathing and helping the lungs during the two phases of ventilation

• 2 inward forces pull lungs away from thorax wall

• 1 outward force tends to enlarge the lungs

what can the transpulmonary pressure tell us

if it’s equal that means a lung has collapsed

define atelectasis

• collapsed lung due to pneumothorax via air entering the pleural cavity

What is the process of air movement

• volume changes therefore the pressure changes

• Pressure changes which causes there to be a pressure gradient

• the pressure will then drop or increase causing air to move where the pressure is the lowest

what is boyle’s law

relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas

is inspiration passive or active

active

what is the order of inspiration

• muscles contract (diaphragm and external intercostals)

• thoracic volume increases

• due to the relationship between the pleura, lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure to drops

• air flows into the lungs, down it’s pressure gradient until pressures are equal

what stimulates the diaphragm

phrenic nerve

when the external intercostals contract during inspiration, what do they allow

lift rib cage and pull sternum superiorly, increases anterior-posterior dimensions of cavity

what muscles contract during forced inspiration

• scalenes

• sternocleidomastoid

• external intercostals

• diaphragm