Psych notes chapter 8

What are the three types of behaviors?

Reflexs, Instincts, & Learned Behaviors

Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that are controlled by the nervous system.

Reflexs

Inborn patterns of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli, more complex then reflexes.

Instincts

A relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior as a result of experience. (Being able to do something, that you were not able to do before.

Learned Behavior

The type of learning that occurs when we form associations or connections among stimuli & behaviors.

Associative Learning

Anything that elects a response, or the cause.

Stimulus

The behavior that occurs in presence of stimulus or the effect.

Response

A type of associative learning, in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time.

Classical Conditioning

Something that is reflexive, and occurs without learning.

Unconditioned

Something that must be learned.

Conditioned

A trigger that naturally and automatically causes a reaction without prior training.

Unconditioned Stimulus

The natural unlearned physical reaction to unconditioned stimulus.

Unconditioned Response

A signal that initially causes no relevant reaction.

Neutral stimulus

The former neutral stimulus that now triggers a learning reaction after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus

The learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Response

The development of a learned/conditioned response, that requires two things to happen, contiguity (the amount of time between the conditioned stimulus & unconditioned stimulus is important.

Acquisition

The reduction of a response

Extensions

how a condition responds can come back after extension

Spontaneous recovery

responding to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus.

Generalization

A learned ability to distinguish between stimuli

Discrimination

A feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus predicts the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus. (seeing a dog chained and not being scared anymore)

Inhibition

Learning occurs slower when a conditioned stimulus is already familiar compared to when conditioned stimulus is unfamiliar

Latent Inhibition

A type of learning in which association are formed between voluntary behaviors determine whether or not it will be repeated. The consequences of a behavior determine whether or not it will be repeated.

Operant Conditioning

• Behavior that are followed by something pleasant are more likely to be repeated.

• Behaviors that are followed by something unpleasant are less likely to be repeated.

Edward Thorndike law of effect

a consequence that increases the likely hood of a behavior. It can be a positive reinforcement (something that desirable to increase the frequency of behavior), or negative reinforcement (taking away something undesirable to increase frequency of behavior).

Reinforcement

A consequence that decreases or reduces the frequency of behavior, this can occur in the form of a positive punishment (adding something undesibrable to decrease behavior, or negative punishment ( taking something desirable away to decrease behavior).

Punishment

A preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred task (I can watch an episode of my show after I read 10 chapters of my book.

Premack Principle

reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs

Continuous Reinforcement

reinforcing a desired behavior on some occasions but not others.

Partial Reinforcement

Reinforcement depends on the number of times a behavior occurs

Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement depends on the passage of same amount of time

Interval Schedule

Learning that occurs in the absence of no reinforcement

Latent Learning

Learning that occurs when one organism watches the actions of another (also social/ modeling learning).

Observed Learning

What are the four things that need to take place in order for observed learning to occur.

Attention, Retaining, Reproduction, Motiviation

Learning that involves changes in the magnitude to our responses to a stimulus. As opposed to form associations between two things.

Non- Associative Learning

A simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated to stimuli that are charger and harmless decrease.

Habituation

An increased of reaction to many stimulus following exposure to one strong stimulus.

Sensitization