Unit 7 Global Conflict

ANZAC

Australian and New Zealand Army Corps; fought in a year-long bloody campaign at Gallipoli in northwestern Turkey that resulted in huge losses and little progress

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War I

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for help in World War I

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I

Bolshevik Revolution

the overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire

Conscription

a compulsory military enlistment

Emiliano Zapata

Mexican revolutionary, champion of agrarianism, who fought in guerrilla actions during and after the Mexican Revolution

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

Mexican revolutionary and military commander in Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz from power in 1911

Gavrilo Princip

the assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Great War

another name for World War I because of the immense, unprecedented scale of fighting

Lost Generation

a term used to describe those suffering from the shock of World War I

Machine Guns

guns developed in the late 1800s that could fire over 500 rounds a minute; they made it difficult for any side to gain territory in battle

Mexican Revolution

a war from 1911 to 1920 in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Diaz

Militarism

aggressive military preparedness that celebrates war and the armed forces

Nationalism

political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory

No Man's Land

a strip of land between the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during World War I

Paris Peace Conference

organized by the victors of WWI to negotiate the peace treaties between the Allied and Central Powers

Porfirio Diaz

was elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated Mexican politics for 35 years while imposing a strong central government

Propaganda

ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

Rape of Nanjing

a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the Chinese city of Nanjing. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army

Ration

restrict the consumption of a relatively scarce commodity, as during war

Reparations

as part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly led to a severe depression in Germany

Russian Civil War

1918-1921 Russians, Ukrainians, and others revolted against the Russian government because of widespread starvation after World War I

Schlieffen Plan

plan by Germany to take France quickly before Russia could mobilize by violating Belgian neutrality; made Britain enter the war

Secret Alliances

European nations agreed in secret to protect and help one another when attacked

Total War

committing all resources to the war effort

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Trench Warfare

long ditches dug in the ground with the excavated earth banked in front in order to defend against enemy fire

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in alliance before the start of World War I

Triple Entente

the alliance between Britain, France, and Russia in which all three viewed Germany as a rival; later became known as the Allies

War of Attrition

a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

Young Turks

group of reformers that advocated for a constitution like the European states and for Turkification, an effort to all citizens of the multiethnic empire identify with Turkish culture

Zimmerman Note

Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a German foreign secretary; the German government offered to help Mexico reclaim territory lost to the US in 1848 if Mexico allied with Germany in World War I