Professional Education (ProfEd) Comprehensive Reviewer

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Philippine Professional Education Qualifying Examination reviewer, including educational laws, philosophies, developmental theories, classroom management, assessment, curriculum, and educational pioneers.

PD 1006

The decree that provided for the professionalization of teachers in the Philippines.

RA 7836

The Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994, which regulates the practice of teaching in the Philippines.

RA 4670

The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers, designed to protect the rights, welfare, and working conditions of public school educators.

RA 9155

The Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001, defining the organizational framework and authority of DepEd.

RA 10533

The Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013, commonly known as the K to 12 Law.

RA 10157

The Kindergarten Education Act, institutionalizing kindergarten into the basic education system.

RA 7610

Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act.

RA 10968

Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF) Act, which aligns Philippine education qualifications with global standards.

RA 10912

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Act of 2016, mandating professional development units for license renewal.

DepEd Order No. 70, s. 2012

Policy granting teachers an exemption from preparing a Detailed Lesson Plan (DLP) after 3 years of teaching experience.

Article XIV, 1987 Philippine Constitution

The constitutional provision on Education, Science, Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports (ESTACS).

Idealism

An educational philosophy holding that reality is based on ideas, mind, and spirit; associated with Plato and Socrates, it views truth as absolute and unchanging.

Realism

An educational philosophy holding that reality exists independent of the mind and is known through sensory observation; associated with Aristotle and John Locke.

Pragmatism

An educational philosophy asserting that truth is determined by practical consequences and usefulness, viewing education as life itself through learning by doing; associated with John Dewey and William James.

Existentialism

An educational philosophy emphasizing personal freedom, choice, and individuality, wherein students define their own meaning and purpose; associated with Sartre and Kierkegaard.

Essentialism

A traditional educational philosophy focused on academic rigor, discipline, and mastery of core subjects and the basic 3Rs (reading, writing, arithmetic).

Perennialism

An educational philosophy focusing on eternal truths, universal ideas, and classical works (Great Books); associated with Robert Hutchins and Mortimer Adler.

Progressivism

A child-centered educational philosophy emphasizing student interests, problem-solving, critical thinking, and learning by doing; championed by John Dewey.

Reconstructionism

An educational philosophy emphasizing social reform, social awareness, and using education as a tool to solve societal problems and create an equitable society.

Id

In Freud's tripartite personality, the first component to emerge, operating on the pleasure principle and seeking immediate gratification.

Ego

In Freud's tripartite personality, the realistic, practical balancing and deciding agent that emerges during preschool years.

Superego

In Freud's tripartite personality, the moral component operating on the conscience principle of right and wrong.

Oral Stage

Freud's psychosexual stage ($0-2$ years) focused on the mouth; fixation can lead to oral receptive (overeating, smoking) or oral aggressive behaviors (nail biting, cursing).

Anal Stage

Freud's psychosexual stage ($2-3$ years) centered on toilet training; fixations manifest as anal expulsive (Type B, disorganized) or anal retentive (Type A, perfectionist).

Phallic Stage

Freud's psychosexual stage ($3-6$ years) involving genital exploration and the emergence of the Oedipus and Electra complexes.

Latency Stage

Freud's psychosexual stage ($6-12$ years) where sexual feelings become dormant, directing energy toward intellectual and physical activities.

Dale's Cone of Experience

A visual model composed of eleven stages arranged by level of abstraction and sensory involvement, from concrete direct experiences at the base to abstract symbols at the top.

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's first cognitive stage ($0-2$ years) characterized by sensory exploration, motor action, and the development of object permanence.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's second cognitive stage ($2-7$ years) marked by symbolic play, language development, egocentrism, animism, and centration.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's third cognitive stage ($7-11$ years) where children develop logical thinking about concrete objects, conservation, reversibility, and classification.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's final cognitive stage ($12$ years and above) characterized by abstract thinking, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and systematic problem solving.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory structuring human needs from lowest to highest: Physiological, Safety, Love and Belongingness, Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first psychosocial stage ($0-18$ months), where successful resolution develops the virtue of Hope.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's second psychosocial stage ($18\,\text{months}-3\,\text{years}$), where successful independence fosters the virtue of Will.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third psychosocial stage ($3-6$ years), centered on exploring leadership and purpose, yielding the virtue of Purpose.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's fourth psychosocial stage ($6-12$ years), addressing competence in social and academic skills, yielding the virtue of Competence.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's fifth psychosocial stage ($12-18$ years), where adolescents explore personal roles and values, resulting in the virtue of Fidelity.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's sixth psychosocial stage ($18-40$ years), centered on forming deep, loving relationships, yielding the virtue of Love.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's seventh psychosocial stage ($40-65$ years), focused on creating positive contributions for future generations, yielding the virtue of Care.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's eighth psychosocial stage ($65$ years and older), reflecting back on one's life achievements to attain the virtue of Wisdom.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky's concept describing the gap between what a learner can achieve independently and what they can achieve with guidance.

Scaffolding

Temporary instructional support provided by a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) to help a learner accomplish tasks within their ZPD.

Pre-Conventional Morality

Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning guided by external consequences: Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment) and Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange).

Conventional Morality

Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning centered on societal expectations: Stage 3 (Good Boy/Good Girl) and Stage 4 (Law and Order).

Post-Conventional Morality

Kohlberg's highest level of moral development: Stage 5 (Social Contract) and Stage 6 (Universal Ethical Principles).

Ecological Systems Theory

Bronfenbrenner's model proposing development is shaped by nested environmental systems: Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem.

Deductive Reasoning

A logical process of reasoning that moves from general rules or principles to specific conclusions or examples.

Inductive Reasoning

A logical process of reasoning that moves from specific observations or examples to general rules or conclusions.

Enculturation

The cultural process through which an individual learns and adopts the values, traditions, and behaviors of their own native culture.

Acculturation

The cultural process of adopting certain traits of another culture while still retaining one's original culture.

Assimilation

The complete adoption of a new culture, resulting in the abandonment of one's original cultural identity.

Pillars of Education

UNESCO's framework introduced in the Delors Report (1996): Learning to Know, Learning to Do, Learning to Be, Learning to Live Together, and Learning to Transform Oneself and Society.

Hidden Curriculum

The unintended lessons, values, behaviors, and beliefs absorbed by learners from the school culture and environment.

Excluded Curriculum (Null Curriculum)

Topics, concepts, or knowledge intentionally or unintentionally omitted from what is taught in schools.

PPST Structure

The Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers framework consisting of 4 Career Stages, 7 Domains, and 37 Strands.

Thrust

A teacher movement error identified by Kounin where a teacher proceeds to a new activity without finishing or checking readiness for the current one.

Dangling

A classroom management error where a teacher leaves an activity hanging in the air while introducing another task.

Truncation

A teacher movement fault involving abruptly terminating an activity without closure.

Flip-Flop

A classroom management fault where a teacher returns to an earlier activity after already moving on to a new one.

Stimulus-Bound

An ineffective teacher behavior characterized by becoming easily distracted by minor, irrelevant classroom events.

Overdwelling

An instructional fault wherein the teacher spends excessive time giving instructions or dwelling on a single topic beyond what is necessary.

Mistaken Goals of Student Behavior

Rudolf Dreikurs' model of disruptive behaviors stemming from unmet belonging needs: Attention Seeking, Power Seeking, Revenge, Inadequacy, and Withdrawal.

Pre-Spanish Educational Aim

In the Philippines, education aimed primarily at survival and conformity to community traditions and tribal practices.

Spanish Period Educational Aim

In the Philippines, education focused on the spread of Christianity, religious instruction, and moral indoctrination.

American Period Educational Aim

In the Philippines, education aimed at promoting democratic ideals, civic training, and the American way of life.

Commonwealth Period Educational Aim

In the Philippines, education focused on the development of moral character, civic discipline, and vocational efficiency.

Japanese Period Educational Aim

In the Philippines, education directed toward fostering Asian consciousness, love for labor, and Japanese progress concepts.

Principle of Double Effect

An ethical principle where an action with both good and bad effects is permissible provided the good effect is directly intended and the bad effect is an unintended side effect.

Positively Skewed Distribution

A distribution with scores bunched at the low end and the tail extended to the right, characterized by $\text{Mean} > \text{Median} > \text{Mode}$.

Negatively Skewed Distribution

A distribution with scores bunched at the high end and the tail extended to the left, characterized by $\text{Mean} < \text{Median} < \text{Mode}$.

Halo Effect

A cognitive bias wherein a single positive trait favorably influences the overall evaluation of a person.

Horn Effect

A cognitive bias wherein a single negative trait unfavorably influences the overall evaluation of a person.

Difficulty Index

The proportion of examinees who answered a test item correctly, calculated by $p = \frac{R}{T}$.

Discrimination Index

A metric indicating how well a test item differentiates between high-scoring and low-scoring learners; negative values indicate defective items.

Cognitive Domain

Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy of intellectual objectives comprising Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create.

Affective Domain

David Krathwohl's taxonomy of attitudes and emotional objectives comprising Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organizing, and Characterization.

Psychomotor Domain

Anita Harrow's taxonomy of physical movements comprising Reflex Movements, Basic Fundamental Movements, Perceptual Abilities, Physical Abilities, Skilled Movements, and Non-discursive Communication.

Assessment FOR Learning

Formative evaluation conducted during instruction to monitor learner progress and modify teaching.

Assessment OF Learning

Summative evaluation conducted at the end of instruction to evaluate learning outcomes and assign grades.

Assessment AS Learning

Self-assessment where students reflect upon, monitor, and regulate their own learning process.

Content Validity

The extent to which an assessment comprehensively covers and represents the instructional content and learning objectives.

Construct Validity

The extent to which a test measures the theoretical construct or psychological trait it is intended to measure.

Test Reliability

The consistency and stability of test results across repeated administrations or testing conditions.

Law of Readiness

Thorndike's law stating that learning occurs most effectively when the learner is physically, mentally, and emotionally prepared.

Law of Exercise

Thorndike's connectionist principle asserting that stimulus-response connections are strengthened through practice and repetition.

Law of Effect

Thorndike's principle stating that responses accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction are more likely to recur.

Multiple Intelligences Theory

Howard Gardner's model proposing that intelligence is not a unitary entity, but a set of distinct modalities including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

Discovery Learning

An inquiry-based method developed by Jerome Bruner in which learners discover concepts and rules for themselves through active exploration.

Project Method

An instructional method developed by William H. Kilpatrick focusing on student-centered, purposeful activities and real-life tasks.

The 4Cs of 21st Century Skills

The core competency framework encompassing Critical Thinking, Creativity, Collaboration, and Communication.

John Amos Comenius

The Father of Modern Education, known for advocating universal education, learning through sensory experiences, and authoring 'Orbis Pictus'.

John Dewey

The Father of Progressive Education and pragmatic pedagogy, noted for advocating experiential education and 'learning by doing'.

Friedrich Froebel

The Father of Kindergarten, who pioneered early childhood education based on play, games, and gifts.

Frank Parsons

The Father of Guidance and Counseling, recognized for establishing vocational guidance and career counseling principles.

Alfred Binet

The Father of Intelligence Testing and IQ, who developed the first practical intelligence scale to measure intellectual capability.

Edward Thorndike

The Father of Educational Psychology, Connectionism, and Measurement in Education, who formulated the primary and secondary laws of learning.

Wilhelm Wundt

The Father of Modern Psychology and Experimental Psychology, who established the first experimental psychology laboratory.