plant kingdom

Cryptogams and phanerogams categorize

1. Algae bryo pterido which are non spermatophyte are cryptogams. Out of these bryo and pterido are embryophyte and algae is non embryophyte

2. Phanerogams are spermatophyte i.e. gymno and angio

The cyanobacteria which are referred as bga are not algae anymore because

Fungi, monera and protista are excluded from plantae kingdom

Artificial system are based on

And was given by?

1. Superficial morphological characters habit, colour, shape of leaves

2. Vegetative characters

3. Androecium structure

Given by linnaeus

Two problems of artificial system

1. They separated the closely related species since they were based on a few characters

2. Gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics but vegetative characters are more easily affected by environment

Natural classification includes what and who gave natural classification

It was based on natural affinities among organisms + not only external but also internal features like ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology, phytochemistry

Which is UAE fighter(phyto)

Given by BENTHAM AND HOOKER

Phylogenetic classification system are based on what??

Evolutionary relationships between various organisms.

This assumes that organisms belonging to same taxa have a common ancestor.

What are the other ways of classification when there is no supporting fossil evidence?

1. Numerical taxonomy== it is now easily carried out using computersis based