Classification of Matter, Atomic Theory, and Chemical Bonding

Comprehensive review flashcards covering atomic theories, subatomic particles, isotopes, ions, periodic table groups, Bohr diagrams, and naming ionic and polyatomic compounds.

How is an atom defined in the lecture notes?

The smallest particle still characterising a chemical element.

Which subatomic particles are classified as nucleons, and what are their electrical charges?

Protons, which are positively charged ($+$), and neutrons, which are neutral, both located in the nucleus.

What are the core concepts and the model name of Dalton's atomic theory?

Developed in the early 1800's, it states that all matter is made up of atoms, atoms are the smallest particle of matter, and represents them as a solid, uniform sphere called "The Billiard ball model".

What did J.J. Thomson discover, and what model did he propose?

In the late 1800's, he discovered electrons and proposed the "Plum pudding model", where electrons are embedded in a cloud of positive charge.

What are the defining features of Rutherford's atomic theory?

Developed in the late 1900's, it features a positive nucleus in the centre containing protons with the majority of the mass, and electrons rotating around the nucleus, known as the "Solar System model".

How does Bohr's atomic theory describe electron arrangement and movement?

Developed in the early 1900's as the "energy level model", it states electrons are located in energy levels around the nucleus and can only move from energy levels, not between them.

How is the number of neutrons calculated from mass number and atomic number?

$\text{neutrons} = \text{mass number} - \text{atomic number}$ (or $N = A - Z$).

What is an isotope, and what example is provided in the notes?

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, such as Carbon-$12$ ($6$ neutrons) and Carbon-$14$ ($8$ neutrons).

What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

A cation is a positively charged ion formed by losing electrons, whereas an anion is a negatively charged ion formed by gaining electrons.

What rule governs the protons during ionization?

Ionization occurs by gaining or losing electrons, and you never change protons.

What are the primary physical properties of metals?

They are good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile, shiny, solids at room temperature, and will form cations (positive).

What are the primary physical properties of non-metals?

They are good insulators of heat and electricity, not ductile or malleable, dull, have brittle solids, exist in any state at room temperature, and form anions (negative).

What is the difference between groups (families) and periods on the periodic table?

Groups are vertical columns of elements with similar physical and/or chemical properties. Periods are horizontal rows organized by the number of energy levels for electrons and do not share similar properties.

How do Alkali metals and Alkaline earth metals differ in their natural occurrence and reactivity?

Alkali metals are highly reactive, especially with water, while alkaline earth metals are never found uncombined in nature.

Which elements exist as diatomic or polyatomic in nature according to the notes?

$H_2$, $O_2$, $F_2$, $Br_2$, $I_2$, $N_2$, $Cl_2$, $P_4$, and $S_8$.

What are valence electrons and why are they important?

Electrons on the outermost shell of an atom; they react with neighbouring atoms and form bonds.

What are the four steps to draw a Bohr diagram?

1) Write the atomic symbol for the element; 2) Write number of protons and electrons; 3) Draw a circle around the symbol to represent a shell; 4) Fill in the maximum number of electrons per shell.

What are the maximum electron capacities per shell under the octet rule in Bohr diagrams?

Shell $1 = 2$, Shell $2 = 8$, and Shell $3 = 8$.

How do multivalent ions indicate their charge in compound naming?

Roman numerals are used to state the charge (for example, $Cu^{2+}$ and $O^{2-}$ forms Copper (II) Oxide).

What are the rules for writing formulas containing polyatomic ions?

Balance the charges, do not change the subscripts on the polyatomic ion, and use brackets if you need more than one polyatomic ion.

What are the chemical formulas for Gold (I) nitrate, Ammonium Phosphate, and Potassium dichromate?

Gold (I) nitrate is $AuNO_3$, Ammonium Phosphate is $(NH_4)_3PO_4$, and Potassium dichromate is $K_2Cr_2O_7$.