Sociology Test 3 Prep

What are the characteristics of stratification?

Unequal resources, power, prestige, and life chances.

How was the poverty line created?

Mollie Orshansky: minimum food budget × 3.

What were Marx's two major classes?

Bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (workers).

What were Weber's three dimensions?

Class/property, status/prestige, and power.

What did the 1996 Welfare Reform Act do?

Replaced AFDC with TANF; emphasized work and time limits.

Why has income inequality increased?

Tax policies, higher CEO pay, wage changes, and job polarization.

What is symbolic ethnicity?

Ethnicity expressed occasionally without shaping everyday life much.

What is Omi and Winant's racial formation theory?

Race is socially created and changed through political and social processes.

What are Bonilla-Silva's four frames?

Abstract liberalism, naturalization, cultural racism, minimizing racism.

What is pluralism?

Different cultural groups coexist while retaining their identities.

What causes residential segregation?

Redlining, discriminatory housing policies, wealth gaps, and historical patterns.

Instrumental vs. expressive roles?

Instrumental = earning/providing; expressive = nurturing/caregiving.

Essentialist vs. constructionist view of sexuality?

Biological/innate vs. shaped by social and cultural influences.

What were the four feminist waves?

1: voting; 2: work/education; 3: intersectionality; 4: #MeToo.

What does the Kinsey scale measure?

Sexuality on a 0–6 continuum.

Glass ceiling vs. glass escalator?

Invisible barriers to advancement vs. faster promotion advantages.