claude e1

Anatomy vs. Physiology vs. Kinesiology

Anatomy = the study of body STRUCTURES and their relationships. Physiology = the study of how those structures FUNCTION. Kinesiology = the study of human MOVEMENT, using both.

Kinesiology (definition)

The study of human movement. It depends on anatomical language to explain how the body moves, where it moves, and how those movements are described.

Kinetics (definition)

The study of movement WITH regard to the forces that produce or resist it.

Kinematics (definition)

The study of movement WITHOUT regard to the forces that produce or resist it.

Goniometer: purpose/function

Measures joint angles and available range of motion in degrees.

Three components of kinematics

Position, Movement, and Direction.

Component 1 — how is POSITION implemented?

Through anatomical position and anatomical directional terminology: anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, etc.

Component 2 — how is MOVEMENT implemented?

Through osteokinematic movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction) and arthrokinematic movements (spin, roll, glide).

Component 3 — how is DIRECTION implemented?

Through the planes of motion: sagittal, frontal, transverse.

Osteokinematics vs. Arthrokinematics

Osteokinematics = gross, visible movement of BONES through space. Arthrokinematics = the small accessory motions occurring between JOINT SURFACES (spin, roll, glide).

"Osteo" vs. "Arthro"

Osteo = bone. Arthro = joint.

Anatomical position — description

Standing erect, head and eyes forward, feet forward, arms at the sides, palms facing FORWARD (supinated).

Anatomical position — purpose

It is the reference point for describing all things related to the body, and references a normal or 'fundamental' stance. Anatomy is referenced from the PATIENT'S perspective.

Fundamental position

Same as anatomical position EXCEPT the palms face the body/thighs instead of forward.

Dorsal

Of, on, or relating to the back.

Dorsal cavity

Contains the brain and spinal cord.

Ventral cavity

Contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic organs.

Superior / Inferior

Superior = toward the head, above. Inferior = toward the feet, below.

Anterior / Posterior

Anterior = toward the front of the body. Posterior = toward the back.

Medial / Lateral

Medial = toward the midline. Lateral = away from the midline.

Proximal / Distal

Proximal = closer to the trunk or point of attachment. Distal = farther from it.

Superficial / Deep

Superficial = closer to the body surface. Deep = farther beneath it.

Ipsilateral / Contralateral / Bilateral

Ipsilateral = same side. Contralateral = opposite side. Bilateral = both sides.

The heart is ______ to the stomach.

Superior.

The nose is on the ______ surface of the body.

Anterior.

The lungs lie ______ to the forearm.

Medial.

The skin is ______ to the muscles below it.

Superficial.

The tarsal region is ______ to the femur.

Distal.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into RIGHT and LEFT halves.

Frontal plane

Divides the body into ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR halves. Also called the CORONAL plane.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into SUPERIOR and INFERIOR halves. Also called horizontal or axial.

Axis of rotation — description

The imaginary line about which a movement occurs. It is always PERPENDICULAR to the plane the motion happens in.

Sagittal plane — associated axis

Mediolateral axis.

Frontal plane — associated axis

Anteroposterior axis.

Transverse plane — associated axis

Longitudinal axis.

Which movements belong to the SAGITTAL plane?

Flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion.

Which movements belong to the FRONTAL plane?

Abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, inversion, eversion, ulnar and radial deviation, scapular elevation and depression.

Which movements belong to the TRANSVERSE plane?

Internal rotation, external rotation, pronation, supination, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction, trunk and cervical rotation.

Axial vs. Appendicular

Axial = head, neck, and trunk. Appendicular = the limbs/extremities.

Cephalic / Cranial

Cephalic = head. Cranial = skull.

Frontal (landmark)

Forehead.

Orbital

Eye.

Nasal

Nose.

Temporal

Side of the head / temple.

Zygomatic

Cheekbone.

Buccal

Cheek.

Oral

Mouth.

Cervical (landmark)

Neck.

Supraclavicular

Region above the clavicle.

Axillary

Armpit.

Thoracic (landmark)

Chest.

Brachial

Upper arm.

Antebrachial

Forearm.

Antecubital

Front of the elbow.

Cubital

Elbow.

Olecranon

Point / back of the elbow.

Carpal (carpus)

Wrist.

Palmar

Palm of the hand.

Abdominal

Abdomen.

Umbilical

Navel.

Lumbar

Low back.

Flank

Side of the trunk between the ribs and hip.

Pelvic

Pelvis.

Inguinal

Groin.

Gluteal

Buttocks.

Femoral

Thigh.

Popliteal

Back of the knee.

Crural

Leg — shin / anterior lower leg.

Sural

Calf.

Tarsal

Ankle.

Calcaneal

Heel.

Pedal

Foot.

Alternate term for joint

Articulation.

Synarthrosis

An IMMOVABLE joint. Example: sutures of the skull.

Amphiarthrosis

A SLIGHTLY movable joint. Examples: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.

Diarthrosis

A FREELY movable joint — all synovial joints.

Fibrous joint

Bones united directly by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity. Functionally SYNARTHRODIAL (immovable). Examples: sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis.

Cartilaginous joint

Bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity. Functionally AMPHIARTHRODIAL (slightly movable). Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs.

Synovial joint

Bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity inside a capsule. Functionally DIARTHRODIAL (freely movable).

Six characteristics of synovial joints

Cartilage, Cavity, Capsule, Ligaments, Synovial Fluid, Bursae.

Cartilage — function/purpose

Surface covering the ends of the bone to absorb compressive forces and reduce friction.

Cavity — function/purpose

The interior portion within a given joint that contains the synovial fluid.

Capsule — function/purpose

Thick band of ligamentous tissue that encloses and protects the joint.

Ligaments — function/purpose

Bands of tissue that connect bone to bone, protecting structures from abnormal movements.

Synovial fluid — function/purpose

A thick liquid that coats and fills the space between the joint to provide nourishment.

Bursae — function/purpose

Fluid-filled pockets of synovial fluid that reduce friction during movement.

Arthrodial — common name + movement

Gliding / plane joint. Movement: SLIDE. Examples: intercarpal, intertarsal, AC joint.

Condyloid — common name + movements

Ellipsoid joint. Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction. Examples: wrist (radiocarpal), MCP joints.

Enarthrodial — common name + movements

Ball-and-socket joint. Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, external rotation. Examples: hip, shoulder.

Ginglymus — common name + movements

Hinge joint. Movements: flexion, extension. Examples: elbow, knee, ankle, IP joints.

Sellar — common name + movements

Saddle joint. Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction. Example: 1st carpometacarpal (thumb).

Trochoidal — common name + movement

Pivot joint. Movement: ROTATION. Examples: atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar.

Ball & socket joint = ?

Enarthrodial.

Ellipsoid joint = ?

Condyloid.

Gliding joint = ?

Arthrodial.

Hinge joint = ?

Ginglymus.

Pivot joint = ?

Trochoidal.

Saddle joint = ?

Sellar.

Which joint type allows ONLY rotation?

Trochoidal (pivot).

Which joint type allows ONLY flexion and extension?

Ginglymus (hinge).